The Causes Influencing the Occurrence of Variation Orders in the Construction of Buildings
Main Article Content
Abstract
In the construction of buildings usually, problems occur because of the causes of change orders. The main causer of change orders is the owners, consultants, and contractors. These changes lead to conflicts among them which result in influencing building projects. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the causes of change orders to reduce them and facilitate management. This paper determines the most critical factors that cause change orders from a different point of view, a consulting owner and a contractor, and a study of the reality of the management of change orders when constructing public buildings. The method employed in this research is a field survey using interviews with experts working in the construction of public buildings. Furthermore, the questionnaire was distributed manually and electronically.
In conclusion, it would appear that the causes of change orders have been hierarchically according to the viewpoint of the owner, contractor, and consultant. The analysis leads to the following conclusions: Agreement of viewpoints owners, contractors, and consultants on the critical causes of variation orders were: ( the difficult financial situation - change material specifications to benefit the project - technical necessity - the nature of the site). Moreover, the point of view (owners and contractors) on the essential factors that cause change orders were: (preparing a bill of quantities is inaccurate - weak consultant guess ). In contrast, the consultant's point of view differs, as he considers these causes ineffective. It can be interpreted that the consultant sees these factors as insignificant because of his duty to implement the bill of quantities and designs. This research paper concludes that a complex causal relationship exists between the causes of change orders. The relative importance index (RII) for variation order causes varies among different groups' viewpoints (owners, contractors, and consultants).
Article received: 9/3/2022
Article accepted: 25/5/2022
Article published: 1/8/2022
Article Details
How to Cite
Publication Dates
References
Ahmed, M.M., Othman, A.A.E., Lotfy, S.M., and Hammad, H.A., 2017. Improving Change Orders Management During the Construction Phase of Governmental Projects in Egypt. Assiut.
Ahmed, S., Hasan, B., Jrad, F., and Dlask, P., 2016. Analysing the change orders impact on building projects. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11(7), pp.1532–1537. https://doi.org/10.3923/jeasci.2016.1532.1537.
Alaryan, A., Elbeltagi, E., Elshahat, A., and Dawood, M., 2014. Causes and Effects of Change Orders on Construction Projects in Kuwait. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications.
Alhilli, Hassan Kamal, and Rezoqi, Sedki I., 2021. Investigating Variation Orders Causes in Iraqi Building Construction Projects. E3S Web Conf., [online] 318, p.2003. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131802003.
Ali, N.S., 2021. Variation Orders and Their Effects of Erbil Governorate Projects. Journal of Engineering, [online] 27(5 SE-Articles), pp.75–88. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2021.05.06.
Alshdiefat, A., and Aziz, Z., 2018. Causes of Change Orders in the Jordanian Construction Industry. Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research, 06(04), pp.234–250. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbcpr.2018.64016.
Bolin, J.M., 2017. Effective change order management. Long International Inc.
Czemplik, A., 2017. Application of Earned Value Method for evaluation the Time/Cost Consequences of Variation Orders in a Construction Project. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 245(7), pp.1–4. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/245/7/072028.
Endris Yadeta, A., 2016. The Impact of Variation Orders on Public Building Projects. International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, [online] 5(3), pp.86–91. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijcem.20160503.03.
Enshassi, A., Arain, F., and Al-Raee, S., 2010. Causes of variation orders in construction projects in the Gaza Strip. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 16(4), pp.540–551. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2010.60.
Ghenbasha, M.R.R., Sabki, W.M., Omar, W., and Ayob, A., 2018. Assessing the potential impacts of variation orders on JKR roadway construction projects- A case study Northern region of Malaysia. Proceedings of Academicsera International Conference, [online] (June), pp.1–5. Available at: https://www.jkr.gov.my/en/page/jkr-functions.
Handayani, T.N., Likhitruangsilp, V., and Yabuki, N., 2019. A building information modeling (BIM)-integrated system for evaluating the impact of change orders. Engineering Journal, 23(4), pp.67–90. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2019.23.4.67.
Ismaeel, W.A.L., and Naji, H.I., 2021. Dynamic System to Manage Variation Orders in Iraqi Construction Projects. University of Diyala, IRAQ.
Jarkas, A.M., and Mubarak, S.A., 2016. Causes of construction change orders in Qatar: Contractors' perspective. International Journal of Project Organisation and Management, 8(3), pp.275–299. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPOM.2016.078273.
Khan, O.H., 2016. Effective framework for change order management in construction industry. Qatar University.
Khanzadi, M., Nasirzadeh, F., and Dashti, M.S., 2018. Fuzzy Cognitive Map Approach to Analyse Causes of Change Orders in Construction Projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 144(2), p.04017111. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)co.1943-7862.0001430.
Khoso, A.R., Khan, J.S., Faiz, R.U., and Akhund, M.A., 2019. Assessment of Change Orders Attributes in Preconstruction and Construction Phase. Civil Engineering Journal, 5(3), p.616. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091273.
M. Fadl, O., and H. Nassar, A., 2017. Modeling To Reduce Variation Order in Construction Projects in Egypt. German University in Cairo. https://doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2017.0611011.
Maluleke, P., Aigbavboa, C., and Thwala, W.D., 2019. Causes of Variation Orders in Construction: A Case Study of Polokwane, Limpopo Province Pfumelani. In: International Conference on Intelligent Human Systems Integration. Springer.pp.914–920. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11051-2_140.
Memon, A.H., Rahman, I.A., and Hasan, M.F.A., 2014. Significant causes and effects of variation orders in construction projects. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 7(21), pp.4494–4502. https://doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.7.826.
Mohammad, N., Che-Ani, A.I., and Rakmat, R.A.O.K., 2017. Causes and effects of variation orders in the construction of terrace housing projects: A case study in the State of Selangor, Malaysia. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 6(1), pp.226–232.
Mohammed, A.J., 2016. A study for the causes of variation orders in different sectors of construction project in Erbil Governorate from the point of view pf the involved parties. Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 20(05).
Muhammad, N.Z., Keyvanfar, A., Majid, M.Z.A., Shafaghat, A., Magana, A.M., and Dankaka, N.S., 2015. Causes of variation order in building and civil engineering projectsin Nigeria. Jurnal Teknologi, 77(16), pp.91–97. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v77.6404.
Nunnally, J.C., and Bernstein, I.H., 1994. The Assessment of Reliability. Psychometric Theory, 3, pp.248–292.
Onkar, J., 2015. Review Analysis on Causes and Effects of Change orders on Construction Projects. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication, 3(4), pp.2230–2233. https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.1504101.
Sani, A., and Gidado, U., 2014. Perceptions' about variation order on public building projects in northeastern Nigeria. Proceedings of The International Academic Conference on Sustainable Development Vol., 2(5 November).
Shafaat, A., Alinizzi, M., Mahfouz, T., and Kandil, A., 2016. Can Contractors Predict Change Orders? Investigating a Historical Allegation Ali. Construction Research Congress 2016, pp.487–496.
Staiti, M.M., and Othman, M., 2015. Assessing the Impact of Change Orders In Construction Engineering Sector In The West Bank By. An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Standard Bid Documents, 2016. Standard Bid Documents For General Competitive Tenders For the General of Executing General Works. First, edit ed. Iraq: Ministry of Planning.
The Government Contracts Implementation Instructions (2), 2014. The Government Contracts Implementation Instructions (2). [online] Ministry of Planning. Available at: <https://mop.gov.iq/office_ministry/view/details?id=19&sub_content=111&id_sub_content=0&sub2content=nothing>.
Thompson, S.K., 2012. Sampling, 3rd Edition -. Wiley.
Wali, K.I., and Saber, N.I., 2019. An Analysis of Causes and Factors Affecting Change Orders Occurrence in Construction Projects in Iraq. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 31(6). https://doi.org/10.21271/zjpas.31.6.1.