Characterization of the Geotechnical Properties of Expansive Soil Improved by Sludge Waste
Main Article Content
Abstract
Recently, a great rise in the population and fast manufacturing processes were noticed. These processes release significant magnitudes of waste. These wastes occupied a notable ground region, generating big issues for the earth and the environment. To enhance the geotechnical properties of fine-grained soil, a sequence of research projects in the lab were conducted to analyze the impacts of adding sludge waste (SW). The tests were done on both natural and mixed soil with SW at various proportions (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) based on the dry mass of the soil used. The experiments conducted focused on consistency, compaction, and shear strength. With the addition of 10% of SW, the values of LL and PI decreased by 29.7% and 38.5%, respectively. Also, with 10% of SW, the values of swelling percent (SP) and swelling pressure (SPR) decreased by 34% and 33%. On the other hand, SW content increase led to the rise in unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the soil tested from 511kPa to 726kPa with the addition of 10% SW. Based on the findings, it can be confirmed that 10% SW in its natural state is notable for improving fine-grained soil strength and reducing the environmental hazard related to this waste type.
Article received: 29/01/2023
Article accepted: 17/08/2023
Article published: 01/09/2023
Article Details
How to Cite
Publication Dates
References
Abdalqadir, Z.K., and Salih, N.B., 2020. An experimental study on stabilization of expansive soil using steel slag and crushed limestone. Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences, 7(1), pp., 35-47. Doi:10.17656/sjes.10120
Abdalqadir, Z.K., Salih, N.B., and Salih, S.J. H., 2020. Using Steel Slag for Stabilizing Clayey Soil in Sulaimani City-Iraq. Journal of Engineering, 26(7), pp. 145-157. Doi:10.31026/j.eng.2020.07.10.
Abdalla, T.A., and Salih, N.B., 2020. Hydrated lime effects on geotechnical properties of clayey soil. Journal of Engineering, 26(11), pp., 150-169. Doi:10.31026/j.eng.2020.11.10.
Agarwal N., 2015. Effect of Stone Dust on Some Geotechnical Properties of Soil, Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), 19(1), pp. 61-64. Doi:10.9790/1684-12116164.
Amiralian, S., Budihardjo, M. A., Chegenizadeh, A., and Nikraz, H., 2015. Study of scale effect on strength characteristic of stabilized composite with sewage sludge–Part A: Preliminary study. Construction and Building Materials, 80, pp., 339-345. Doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.117.
Al-Jabban W., Laue J., Knutsson S., and Al-Ansari N., 2019. A comparative evaluation of cement and by-product petrit T in soil stabilization. Appl. Sci., 9, P. 5238. Doi:10.3390/app9235238.
Al-Adhamii, R. A. J., Fattah, M. Y., and Kadhim, Y. M., 2022. Geotechnical Properties of Clayey Soil Improved by Sewage Sludge Ash, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 22 (1), pp. 34–47. Doi:10.1080/10962247.2020.1862939.
ASTM D2166, 2016. Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM D1557, 2012. Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM D4318, 2014. Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM D422, 2007. Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM D854, 2014. Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM C356-10, 2010. Standard Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of Preformed High-Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to Soaking Heat. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM D4546., 2014. Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Swell or Collapse of Soils. West Conshohocken, ASTM International.
Al-sharif, M.M., and Attom, M.F., 2014. A geo-environmental application of burned wastewater sludge ash in soil stabilization. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71, pp. 2453-2463.
Attom, M., Mortula, M.M., and Munjed, A., 2017. Shear strength stabilization using burned sludge ash. International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil. Int. J. Adv. Mech. Civil Eng, 4(3), pp. 42-45.
Behnood, A., 2018. Soil and clay stabilization with calcium-and non-calcium-based additives: A state-of-the-art review of challenges, approaches and techniques. Transportation Geotechnics, 17, pp. 14-32. Doi:10.1016 / j. trgeo.2018.08.002.
Consoli N.C., Filho H.C.S., Alegre P., Cristelo N., and Real V., 2019. Effect of wet-dry cycles on the durability, strength and stiffness of granite residual soil stabilized with Portland cement. In Proceedings of the XVII ECMGE, Reykjavik, Iceland, pp. 1–7. Doi: 10.32075/17ECSMGE-2019-0686.
Eskisar T., 2015. Influence of Cement Treatment on Unconfined Compressive Strength and Compressibility of Lean Clay with Medium Plasticity. Arabian J. Sci. Eng., 40, pp. 763–772. Doi:10.1007/s13369-015-1579-z.
Fattah, M.Y., Nareeman, B.J., Salman, F.A., 2011. A Treatment of Expansive Soil Using Different Additives, Acta Montanistica Slovaca, Ročník 15 (4), pp. 314-321,
Ingunza, M.D.P.D., Pereira, K.L.D.A., and Santos Junior, O.F.D., 2015. Use of sludge ash as a stabilizing additive in soil-cement mixtures for use in road pavements. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 27(7), P. 06014027 Doi:10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001168.
Ikhlef N.S., Ghembaza M.S., Dadouch M., 2014. Effect of Cement and Compaction on the Physicochemical Behavior of a Material in the Region of Sidi Bel Abbes. Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res., 4, pp. 677–680. Doi:10.48084/etasr.467.
Kadhim Y.M., Al-Adhamii R.A.J., and Fattah M.Y., 2022. Geotechnical properties of clayey soil improved by sewage sludge ash. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 72 (1), pp. 34 – 47.
Liu, H., Luo, G.Q., Hu, H.Y., Zhang, Q., Yang, J.K., and Yao, H., 2012. Emission characteristics of nitrogen-and sulfur-containing odorous compounds during different sewage sludge chemical conditioning processes. Journal of hazardous materials, 235-236, pp. 298-306. Doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.060
Mengue E., Mroueh H., Lancelot L., and Eko R.M., 2017. Mechanical improvement of a fine-grained lateritic soil treated with cement for use in road construction. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 29, pp. 1–22. Doi:10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002059.
Nusit K., Jitsangiam P., Kodikara J., Bui H.H., and Leung G.L.M., 2017. Advanced characteristics of cement-treated materials with respect to strength performance and damage evolution. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 29(4), P. 04016255. Doi:10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533. 0001772/.
Norouzian, K., Abbasi, N., and Abedi Koupai, J., 2018. Use of sewage sludge ash and hydrated lime to improve the engineering properties of clayey soils. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 36(3), pp. 1575-1586. Doi:10.1007/s10706-017-0411-9.
Pastor, J.L., Tomás, R., Cano, M., Riquelme, A., and Gutiérrez, E., 2019. Evaluation of the Improvement Effect of Limestone Powder Waste in the Stabilization of Swelling Clayey Soil. Sustainability, 11(3), pp. 1-14. Doi:10.3390/su11030679.
Pavani, 2016. Soil Stabilization Using Rock Dust and Sludge. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 5(3), pp. 72-78. Doi:10.5281/zenodo.46995.
Phanikumar, B.R.; Sharma, Radhey S., 2007. Volume Change Behavior of Fly Ash-Stabilized Clays. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 19(1), pp. 67–74. Doi:10.1061/(asce)0899-156119:1(67).
Rashed, K.A., Salih, N.B., and Abdalla, T.A., 2017. Correlation of consistency and compressibility properties of soils in Sulaimani city. Sulaimania Journal for Engineering Sciences, 4(5), pp. 86-94. Doi:10.17656/sjes.10061.
Sabat, A. K., and Pati, S., 2014. A review of literature on stabilization of expansive soil using solid wastes. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 19(6), pp. 251-256.
Shafii M.A., and Noh N.M., 2018. Soft Soil Stabilization Using Sewage Sludge Ash, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 13 (20), pp. 8280-8284.
Sunil B. M., and Deepa A.V., 2016. Influence of Drying Temperature on Three Soils Physical Properties. Geotech. Geol. Eng., 34, pp. 777–788. Doi:10.1007 /s10706-016-0001-2.
Salih N. B., Rashed K. A., and Abdulawahab K., 2022. Experimental Study on Using Cement Kiln Dust and Plastic Bottle Waste to Improve the Geotechnical Characteristics of Expansive Soils in Sulaimani City, Northern Iraq. Journal of Engineering, 28 (4), pp. 20–38. Doi:10.31026/j.eng.2022.04.02.
Salih, N. B., 2020. Geotechnical characteristics correlations for fine-grained soils. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 737(1), IOP Publishing. Doi:10.1088/1757-899X/737/1/012099.
Wahab N.A., Roshan M.J., Rashid A.S.A., Hezmi M.A., Jusoh S.N., Nik Norsyahariati N.D., and Tamassoki S., 2021. Strength and Durability of Cement-Treated Lateritic Soil. Sustainability, 13, P. 6430. Doi:10.3390/su13116430.