Assessment of Traditional Asphalt Mixture Performance Using Natural Asphalt from Sulfur Springs
Main Article Content
Abstract
This research utilized natural asphalt (NA) deposits from sulfur springs in western Iraq. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of an asphalt mixture incorporating NA and verify its suitability for local pavement applications. To achieve this, a combination of two types of NA, namely soft SNA and hard HNA, was blended to create a binder known as Type HSNA. The resulting HSNA exhibited a penetration grade that adhered to Iraqi specifications. Various percentages of NA (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) were added to petroleum asphalt. The findings revealed enhanced physical properties of HSNA, which also satisfied the requirements outlined in the Iraqi specifications for asphalt cement.
Consequently, HSNA can serve as an asphalt binder to produce asphalt mixtures for flexible paving construction. Notably, HSNA mixtures exhibited greater Marshall stability and stiffness index when compared to traditional mixtures. The results from indirect tensile strength (ITS) and tensile strength ratio (TSR) tests indicated that the 80NA mixture displayed the highest ITS values and a TSR of 81.36%, surpassing the TSR of the mixture incorporating petroleum asphalt by 0.57%.
Article Details
Section
How to Cite
References
Aflaki, S., Hajikarimi, P., Fini, E.H., and Zada, B., 2014. Comparing Effects of Biobinder with Other Asphalt Modifiers on Low-Temperature Characteristics of Asphalt. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 26(3), pp. 429–439. Doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000835
Akbari Nasrekani, A., Naderi, K., Nakhaei, M., and Mahmoodinia, N., 2016. High-temperature performance of gilsonite-modified asphalt binder and asphalt concrete. Petroleum Science and Technology, 34(21), pp. 1783–1789. Doi:10.1080/10916466.2016.1230750.
AL-Azawee, E.T., and Latief, R.H., 2020. The Feasibility of Using Styrene-Butadiene- Styrene (SBS) as Modifier in Iraqi Bituminous Binder. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 15(3), pp. 1596 – 1607.
Al.ani, A.F.H., and Al-bayati, A.H.K., 2017. Influence of temperature upon permanent deformation parameters of asphalt concrete mixes. Journal of Engineering, 23(7), pp. 14-32. . Doi:10.31026/j.eng.2017.07.02.
Al-bayati, A.H.K., and Lateif, R.H., 2017. Evaluating the Performance of High Modulus Asphalt Concrete Mixture for Base Course in Iraq. Journal of Engineering, 23(6), pp. 14–33. Doi:10.31026/j.eng.2017.06.02.
Ameri, M., Mansourian, A., Ashani, S.S., and Yadollahi, G., 2011. Technical study on the Iranian Gilsonite as an additive for modification of asphalt binders used in pavement construction. Construction and Building Materials, 25(3), pp. 1379–1387. Doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.09.005.
Ameri, M., Mirzaiyan, D., and Amini, A., 2018. Rutting Resistance and Fatigue Behavior of Gilsonite-Modified Asphalt Binders. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 30(11), pp. 1–9. Doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002468.
Arisona, A., Nawawi, M., Nuraddeen, U. K., and Hamzah, M., 2016. A preliminary mineralogical evaluation study of natural asphalt rock characterization, southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9(4), pp. 1–9. Doi:10.1007/s12517-015-2288-3.
Caro, S., Masad, E., Bhasin, A., and Little, D. N., 2008. Moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures, Part 1: Mechanisms. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 9(2), pp. 81–98. Doi:10.1080/10298430701792128.
Cao, W. D., Yao, Z. Y., Liu, S. T., and Cui, X. Z., 2009. Performance of modified asphalt with Trinidad Lake Asphalt used as a waterproofing material for bridge deck pavement. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 37(5), pp. 463–467. Doi:10.1520/JTE000355.
Cai, L., Shi, X., and Xue, J., 2018. Laboratory evaluation of composed modified asphalt binder and mixture containing nano-silica/rock asphalt/SBS. Construction and Building Materials, 172, pp. 204–211. Doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.187.
Chunmei, Z., Yuntao, L., Xiaowei, C., Shihan, L., Xiaoyang, G., Huijie, Z., and Yun, L.S., 2018. Effects of plasma-treated rock asphalt on the mechanical properties and microstructure of oil-well cement. Construction and Building Materials, 186, pp. 163–173. Doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.133
erkuş, Y., Kök, B., And Yilmaz, M., 2020. The Effects of Iraq Natural Asphalt on Mechanical Properties of Bituminous Hot Mixtures. Teknik Dergi, 33(2), pp. 11641–11660. Doi:10.18400/tekderg.664187.
Fengler, R. Z., Osmari, P. H., Leite, L. F. M., Nascimento, L. A. H. do, Fritzen, M. A., and Aragão, F. T. S., 2019. Impact of the addition of Trinidad Lake Asphalt (TLA) on the rheological and mechanical behavior of two asphalt binders. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 20(2), pp. S827–S840. Doi:10.1080/14680629.2019.1633789.
Feng, X., Zha, X., and Hao, P., 2011. Research on design technology of TLA modified asphalt mixture. Open Materials Science Journal, 5, pp. 140–146. Doi:10.2174/1874088X01105010140.
García, Á., Schlangen, E., van de Ven, M., and Sierra-Beltrán, G., 2010. Preparation of capsules containing rejuvenators for their use in asphalt concrete. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 184(1–3), pp. 603–611. Doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.078.
Huang, W., 2014. Research on Characteristic Behavior for North American Rock Asphalt and Asphalt Mixtures. Doctoral dissertation, South China University of Technology).
Jahanian, H. R., Shafabakhsh, G., and Divandari, H., 2017. Performance evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) containing bitumen modified with Gilsonite. Construction and Building Materials, 131, pp. 156–164. Doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.069.
Kök, B. V., Yilmaz, M., and Guler, M., 2011. Evaluation of high temperature performance of SBS + Gilsonite modified binder. Fuel, 90(10), pp. 3093–3099. Doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.05.021.
Kök, B. V., Yílmaz, M., Turgut, P., and Kuloǧlu, N., 2012. Evaluation of the mechanical properties of natural asphalt-modified hot mixture. International Journal of Materials Research, 103(4), pp. 506–512. Doi:10.3139/146.110654.
Lu, X., and Isacsson, U., 1998. Chemical and rheological evaluation of ageing properties of SBS polymer modified bitumens. Fuel, 77(9–10), p. 961–972. Doi:10.1016/s0016-2361(97)00283-4.
Lv, Q., Huang, W., Sadek, H., Xiao, F., and Yan, C., 2019. Investigation of the rutting performance of various modified asphalt mixtures using the Hamburg Wheel-Tracking Device test and Multiple Stress Creep Recovery test. Construction and Building Materials, 206, pp. 62–70. Doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.015.
Lv, Q., Huang, W., Tang, N., and Xiao, F., 2018. Comparison and relationship between indices for the characterization of the moisture resistance of asphalt–aggregate systems. Construction and Building Materials, 168, pp. 580–589. Doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.177.
Lv, S., Wang, S., Guo, T., Xia, C., Li, J., and Hou, G., 2018. Laboratory evaluation on performance of compound-modified asphalt for rock asphalt/Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Rock Asphalt/Nano-CaCO3. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 8(6), P. 1009. Doi:10.3390/app8061009.
Li, R., Karki, P., Hao, P., and Bhasin, A., 2015. Rheological and low temperature properties of asphalt composites containing rock asphalts. Construction and Building Materials, 96, pp. 47–54. Doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.150.
Mandeel, T.A.J., 2012. Viscosity and ductility improvement of natural asphalt in (Heet-Anbar) areas using industrial waste for the purpose of recycling. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science, 17(4), pp.120-128.
Mahmood, B. A. A., Abdul-kareem, A. H., and Yasser, A. A. M., 2007. Studying the possibility of investing in sulfur springs in the Heet region for building and construction purposes. Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering, 9(1), pp. 14- 3. In Arabic.
Muttar, A. A., Zedan, T. A., and Mahmood, B. A., 2009. Analytical Comparison Study for Asphalt and Water of Heet Sulphurous Springs, Journal of University of Anbar for Pure Science, 3(1). (in Arabic)
Nasrekani, A.A., Nakhaei, M., Nader, K., Fini, E., and Aflaki, S., 2017. Improving moisture sensitivity of asphalt concrete using natural bitumen (Gilsonite). In Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board (TRB 2017), the 96th Annual Meeting Washington, DC USA (pp. 8-12).
Qadir, A., 2013. Rutting performance of polypropylene modified asphalt concrete, International Journal of Civil Engineering, 12(3), pp.304–312.
Quintana, H. A. R., Noguera, J. A. H., and Bonells, C. F. U., 2016. Behavior of Gilsonite-Modified Hot Mix Asphalt by Wet and Dry Processes. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(2), P. 04015114. Doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001339.
Russel, M., Uhlmeyer, J.S., Anderson, K., and Weston, J., 2008. Evaluation of Trinidad Lake Asphalt Overlay Performance. (No. WR-RD 710.1).
SCRB/R9, 2003. General Specification for Roads and Bridges, Section R/9, Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete Pavement, Revised Edition, State Corporation of Roads and Bridges, Ministry of Housing and Construction, Republic of Iraq.
Samor, Z. A. and Sarsam, S. I., 2021 Assessing the Moisture and Aging Susceptibility of Cold Mix Asphalt Concrete. Journal of Engineering, 27(2), pp. 59–72. Doi:10.31026/j.eng.2021.02.05.
Shi, X., Cai, L., Xu, W., Fan, J., and Wang, X., 2018. Effects of nano-silica and rock asphalt on rheological properties of modified bitumen. Construction and Building Materials, 161, pp. 705–714. Doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.162.
Vesseur, E.J., 2019. Live color SEM imaging. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 25(S2), pp.562-563. Doi:10.1017/S1431927619003544.
Widyatmoko, I., and Elliott, R., 2008. Characteristics of elastomeric and plastomeric binders in contact with natural asphalts. Construction and Building Materials, 22(3), pp. 239–249. Doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.12.025.
Widyatmoko, I., Elliott, R. C., and Read, J. M., 2005. Development of heavy-duty mastic asphalt bridge surfacing, incorporating trinidad lake asphalt and polymer modified binders. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 6(4), pp. 469–483. Doi:10.1080/14680629.2005.9690016.
Yilmaz, M., and Erdoğan Yamaç, Ö., 2017. Evaluation of Gilsonite and Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Composite Usage in Bitumen Modification on the Mechanical Properties of Hot Mix Asphalts. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 29(9), P. 04017089. Doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001938 .
Zou, G., Xu, X., Li, J., Yu, H., Wang, C., and Sun, J., 2020. The effects of bituminous binder on the performance of gussasphalt concrete for bridge deck pavement. Materials, 13(2), P. 364. Doi:10.3390/ma13020364.
Zhang, C., Li, Y., Cheng, X., Liang, S., Guo, X., Zhao, H., and Song, Y., 2018. Effects of plasma-treated rock asphalt on the mechanical properties and microstructure of oil-well cement. Construction and Building Materials, 186, pp. 163–173. Doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.1