Evaluation of the Effect of Static and Flowing Conditions on the Corrosion Behavior of the Hull of Marine Ships
Main Article Content
Abstract
Marine ship hulls' corrosion resistance behavior under static and flowing conditions was investigated. The metal of the hull panels of marine ships was chemically and mechanically examined and analyzed, revealing that carbon steel type DIN 1.0501 C35 is employed in constructing the hull of ships in the port of Basrah in Iraq. A corrosion resistance test for this metal was carried out in laboratory-prepared seawater under static and flowing conditions at a flow rate of 1500 liter/hour and various immersion times (12, 24, 48, 120, 168, 336) hours. The temperature was kept constant at 30°C, and a fixed salt concentration of (3.5% sodium chloride). The corrosion rate of C35 carbon steel was calculated using the weight loss method is an effective method for calculating the corrosion rate of carbon steel. The samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for corrosion analysis. Conclusions from this research indicate that an increase in the flow rate resulted in an elevation of the corrosion rate, doubling the corrosion rate compared to samples under static conditions. The corrosion rate exhibited a significant increase during the first 24 hours, followed by a gradual decrease with increasing immersion time. The corrosion rate increased by 682.9%. The speed of corrosion was fast initially, but the weight loss slowed after 24 hours of immersion. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination revealed that the flow environment was aggressive for carbon steel. It was much more severe, and the pits and grooves were more significant than the static condition.
Article Details
How to Cite
Publication Dates
Received
Revised
Accepted
Published Online First
References
Abbass, M., Ahmed, M., and Hazem, M., 2011. Effect of the heat treatments on corrosion and erosion-corrosion for carbon steel. Engineering and Technology Journal, 29(13), pp. 2706-2722. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.29.13.10
Abd, R., and Hammadi, N., 2022. estimating pitting corrosion depth and density on carbon steel (C-4130) using artificial neural networks. Journal of Engineering, 28(5), pp. 11–24. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2022.05.02
Ahmed, S., and Makki, H., 2019. Corrosion rate optimization of mild-steel under different cooling tower working parameters using taguchi design. Journal of Engineering, 26(1), pp. 174–185. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.01.13
Ali, N., Putra, T., Iskandar, V., and Thalib, S., 2019. corrosion rate of low carbon steel for construction materials in various NaCl concentrations. Materials Science and Engineering, 536(1), P. 012015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/536/1/012015
Alsaadi, H., 2015. Corrosion study of the injection equipments in water in Al-Ahdeb Wells ‐Iraq. Journal of Engineering, 21(1), pp. 15–28. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2015.01.02
Al-Saadie, K., 2008. The Effect of linear alkyl benzene sulfonate on corrosion of aluminum, zinc and lead in 1M HCl. Iraqi National Journal of Chemistry, 8(29), pp. 76-86.
Andrade, C., and Alonso, C., 1996. Corrosion rate monitoring in the laboratory and on-site. Construction and building materials, 10(5), pp. 315-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(95)00044-5
ASTM D 1141–52, 1960. Standard specifications for substitute ocean water.
ASTM A380/A380M, 2017. Standard practice for cleaning, descaling, and passivation of stainless steel parts, equipment, and systems.
Bringas, J.E., 2004. Hand Book of Comparative World Steel Standard, 3rd edition. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. USA. ISBN 0-8031-3042-2.
Choe, S., and Lee, S., 2017. Effect of flow rate on electrochemical characteristics of marine material under seawater environment. Ocean Engineering, 141, pp. 18-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.05.035
Cox, G., and Roetheli, B., 1931. Effect of oxygen concentration on corrosion rates of steel and composition of corrosion products formed in oxygenated water. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 23(9), pp. 1012-1016. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50261a011
Doos, Q., and Farhan, R., 2014. Study of the friction stir welding for A516 low carbon steel. Journal of Engineering, 20(1), pp. 132–150. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2014.01.10
Dwivedi, D., Lepková, K., and Becker, T., 2017. Carbon steel corrosion: a review of key surface properties and characterization methods. RSC advances, 7(8), pp. 4580-4610. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA25094G
Harrison, P., Waters, R., and Taylor, F., 1980. A broad spectrum artificial sea water medium for coastal and open ocean phytoplankton 1. Journal of phycology, 16(1), pp. 28-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1980.00028.x
Hasan, B., Al-habubi, N., and Hussien, S., 2016. Galvanic corrosion of carbon steel -stainless steel couple in sulfuric acid under flow conditions. Journal of Engineering, 22(8), pp. 158–174. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2016.08.10
Hiekata, K., and Grau, M., 2015. Shipbuilding. Concurrent Engineering in the 21st Century: Foundations, Developments and Challenges. Springer Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13776-6_23
Ji, J., Zhang, C., Kodikara, J., and Yang, S., 2015. Prediction of stress concentration factor of corrosion pits on buried pipes by least squares support vector machine. Engineering Failure Analysis, 55, pp. 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2015.05.010
Kaouka, A., Allaf, H., Keddam, M., and Alaoui, O., 2022. Evaluating the corrosion behaviour of borided carbon steel C35. Materials Research, 25, e20200591. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2020-0591
Li, Y., Zhao, X., and Raman, R., 2018. Mechanical properties of seawater and sea sand concrete-filled FRP tubes in artificial seawater. Construction and building materials, 191, pp. 977-993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.059
Lippiatt, K., Bell, S., Ong, T., East, C., McAuley, D., Will, G., and Steinberg, T., 2021. An improved technique for molten salt corrosion sample preparation. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 226, P. 111057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111057
Machuca, L., Jeffrey, R., Bailey, S., Gubner, R., Watkin, E., Ginige, M., Kaksonen, A., and Heidersbach, K., 2014. Filtration–UV irradiation as an option for mitigating the risk of microbiologically influenced corrosion of subsea construction alloys in seawater. Corrosion Science, 79, pp. 89-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.10.030
Majbor, K., Alias, Q., Tobia, W., and Hamed, M., 2017. Cathodic protection design algorithms for refineries aboveground storage tanks. Journal of Engineering, 23(12), pp. 82–95. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2017.12.06
McCafferty, E., 2010. Introduction to corrosion science. Springer Science and Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0455-3
Muhammad, M., Mohammed, B., Ahmed, F., and Al Numan, B., 2021. Critical evaluation for grading and fineness modulus of concrete sands used in Sulaymaniyah city-Iraq. Journal of Engineering, 27(10), pp. 34–49. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2021.10.03
Nader, A., and Shather, S., 2022. Effect of abrasive water jet (AWJ) parameters on materials removal rate for low carbon steel. Engineering and Technology Journal, 40(06), pp. 885-891. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.v40i6.2123
Novák, P., 2007. Environmental deterioration of metals. Environmental Deterioration of Materials; Escrig, F., Managing Ed.; WIT Press: Boston, pp. 27-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2010-0-66227-4
Quirk, J.T., 2016. Excel 2016 for business statistics. Springer Cham, Springer International Publishing Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38959-2
Rao, D., and Kuptsov, V., 2015. Effective use of magnetization data in the design of electric machines with overfluxed regions. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 51(7), pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2015.2397398
Rashid, K., Shakor, Z., and Ahmed, A., 2017. Modelling and optimization of corrosion inhibition of mild steel in phosphoric acid by red pomegranate peels aqueous extract. Journal of Engineering, 23(11), pp. 25–42. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2017.11.03
Salman, E., 2018. Experimental investigation of the electro co-deposition of (Zinc-Nickel) alloy. Journal of Engineering, 24(2), pp. 46–61. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2018.02.04
Saravanan, M., and Kumar, D., 2021. A review on navy ship parts by advanced composite material. Materials Today: Proceedings, 45, pp. 6072-6077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.074
Shakir, I., Alsamurraee, A., and Saleh, S., 2018. Pitting corrosion behavior of 304 SS and 316 SS alloys in aqueous chloride and bromide solutions. Journal of Engineering, 24(1), pp. 53–69. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2018.01.04
Shreir, L., 2013. Corrosion: metal/environment reactions. Newnes. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-04015-7
Tamura, H., 2008. The role of rusts in corrosion and corrosion protection of iron and steel. Corrosion Science, 50(7), pp. 1872-1883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2008.03.008
Xia, J., Li, Z., Jiang, J., Wang, X., and Zhang, X., 2021. Effect of flow rates on erosion corrosion behavior of hull steel in real seawater. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 16(5), P. 210532. https://doi.org/10.20964/2021.05.60
Xu, Y., Liu, L., Xu, C., Wang, X., Tan, M. Y., and Huang, Y., 2020. Electrochemical characteristics of the dynamic progression of erosion-corrosion under different flow conditions and their effects on corrosion rate calculation. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 24, pp. 2511-2524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04795-9
Zhang, H., Yan, L., Zhu, Y., Ai, F., Li, H., Li, Y., and Jiang, Z., 2021. The effect of immersion corrosion time on electrochemical corrosion behavior and the corrosion mechanism of EH47 ship steel in seawater. Metals, 11(8), P. 1317. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11081317