Bio-cementations: A Review on Enzyme and Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation Mechanisms and Applications in Geotechnical Engineering
Main Article Content
Abstract
Modern methods to improve soil must deal with sustainable and green building purposes, and precipitated calcite is the most modern bio-cementation method to improve soil sustainably. Enzyme-induced calcite precipitation and microbially-induced calcite precipitation are precipitated calcite's best branches in bio-cemented soil improvement. EICP and MICP contain calcium chloride, urea, water, urease enzyme and other chemical materials (for MICP As nutrients for bacteria) that are mixed together to precipitate calcium carbonate in the soil. The precipitated calcium carbonate was worked as a binder between soil particles, filling the void and improving the soil's properties. By utilizing this technique in the field, several researchers were able to achieve favorable outcomes in the areas of soil improvement and other engineering applications, including concrete repair and other applications, while also taking into consideration the objectives of sustainability. treatment carried out on soils with one or many cycles of the treatment solution. The treatment revealed a significant improvement in the value of unconfined compression strength, compared to untreated soils. During certain experiments, the unconfined compression strength revealed that soils treated with the enzyme approach exhibited higher values compared to soils treated with a mixture containing a certain proportion of regular Portland cement. The encouraging outcomes that were achieved through the utilization of this test in both the laboratory and the field can be utilized in large-scale operations. Till now, this method has been considered under study. In Iraq there are no any research in term of EICP treatment while there are several research about using MICP in soil treatment.
Article Details
How to Cite
Publication Dates
Received
Revised
Accepted
Published Online First
References
Ahenkorah, I., Rahman, M.M., Karim, M.R. and Beecham, S., 2023. Unconfined compressive strength of MICP and EICP treated sands subjected to cycles of wetting-drying, freezing-thawing and elevated temperature: Experimental and EPR modelling. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 15(5), pp.1226–1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.08.007.
Ahenkorah, I., Rahman, M.M., Karim, M.R., Beecham, S. and Saint, C., 2021. A review of enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP): The role of enzyme kinetics. Sustainable Chemistry, 2(1), pp.92–114. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem2010007.
Ahenkorah, I., Rahman, M.M., Karim, M.R. and Teasdale, P.R., 2020. Optimization of enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) as a ground improvement technique. In: Geo-Congress 2020. American Society of Civil Engineers Reston, VA. pp.552–561. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482780.054.
Al-Abdullah, S.F. and Al-Dulaimi, N.S.M., 2008. Characteristics of gypsies soils treated with calcium chloride solution. Journal of Engineering, 14(02), pp.2403–2414. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2008.02.07.
Ali, N.A. and Karkush, M.O., 2021. Improvement of unconfined compressive strength of soft clay using microbial calcite precipitates. Journal of Engineering, 27(3), pp.67–75. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2021.03.05.
Almajed, A., Abbas, H., Arab, M., Alsabhan, A., Hamid, W. and Al-Salloum, Y., 2020a. Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP)-based methods for ecofriendly stabilization of different types of natural sands. Journal of Cleaner Production, 274, p.122627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122627
Almajed, A., Khodadadi Tirkolaei, H. and Kavazanjian Jr, E., 2018. Baseline investigation on enzyme-induced calcium carbonate precipitation. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 144(11), p.04018081. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001973
Almajed, A., Lemboye, K., Arab, M.G. and Alnuaim, A., 2020b. Mitigating wind erosion of sand using biopolymer-assisted EICP technique. Soils and Foundations, 60(2), pp.356–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2020.02.011.
Almajed, A., Tirkolaei, H.K., Kavazanjian, E. and Hamdan, N., 2019a. Enzyme Induced Biocementated Sand with High Strength at Low Carbonate Content. Scientific Reports, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-38361-1.
Almajed, A., Tirkolaei, H.K., Kavazanjian Jr, E. and Hamdan, N., 2019b. Enzyme induced biocementated sand with high strength at low carbonate content. Scientific reports, 9(1), p.1135. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-38361-1
Almurshedi, A.D. and Karkush, M., 2023. Experimental and numerical modeling of load settlement behavior of gypseous soils improved by MICP. In: Smart Geotechnics for Smart Societies. CRC Press. pp.583–589. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003299127-74.
Arab, M.G., Alsodi, R., Almajed, A., Yasuhara, H., Zeiada, W. and Shahin, M.A., 2021a. State-of-the-art review of enzyme-induced calcite precipitation (Eicp) for ground improvement: Applications and prospects. Geosciences (Switzerland), https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11120492.
Arab, M.G., Omar, M., Almajed, A., Elbaz, Y. and Ahmed, A.H., 2021b. Hybrid technique to produce bio-bricks using enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) and sodium alginate biopolymer. Construction and Building Materials, 284, p.122846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122846
ASTM, D560., 2003. Standard test methods for freezing and thawing compacted soil-cement mixtures. https://doi.org/10.1520/D0560-03.
Ayarkwa, J., Joe Opoku, D.-G., Antwi-Afari, P. and Li, R.Y.M., 2022. Sustainable building processes’ challenges and strategies: The relative important index approach. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, [online] 7, p.100455. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2022.100455.
Bernardi, D., DeJong, J.T., Montoya, B.M. and Martinez, B.C., 2014. Bio-bricks: Biologically cemented sandstone bricks. Construction and Building Materials, 55, pp.462–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.019.
Beser, D., West, C., Cunningham, A., Fick, D., Phillips, A.J., Daily, R., Gerlach, R. and Spangler, L., 2017. Assessment of ureolysis induced mineral precipitation material properties compared to oil and gas well cements. In: ARMA US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA. p. ARMA-2017.
Carmona, J.P.S.F., Oliveira, P.J.V. and Lemos, L.J.L., 2016. Biostabilization of a sandy soil using enzymatic calcium carbonate precipitation. Procedia engineering, 143, pp.1301–1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.144.
Castanier, S., Le Métayer-Levrel, G. and Perthuisot, J.-P., 1999. Ca-carbonates precipitation and limestone genesis—the microbiogeologist point of view. Sedimentary geology, 126(1–4), pp.9–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(99)00028-7.
Chandra, A. and Ravi, K., 2021. Application of enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) to improve the shear strength of different type of soils. In: Problematic Soils and Geoenvironmental Concerns: Proceedings of IGC 2018. Springer. pp.617–632.
Cui, M.J., Lai, H.J., Hoang, T. and Chu, J., 2021. One-phase-low-pH enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) method for soil improvement. Acta Geotechnica, 16, pp.481–489.
Cuccurullo, A., Gallipoli, D., Bruno, A.W., Augarde, C., Hughes, P. and La Borderie, C., 2019. Advances in the enzymatic stabilisation of soils. In: 17th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, ECSMGE 2019 -
Proceedings. International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.32075/17ECSMGE-2019-0987.
Dakhane, A., Das, S., Hansen, H., O’Donnell, S., Hanoon, F., Rushton, A., Perla, C. and Neithalath, N., 2018. Crack healing in cementitious mortars using enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation: Quantification based on fracture response. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 30(4), p.04018035. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002218.
Dawoud, O., Chen, C.Y. and Soga, K., 2014. Microbial induced calcite precipitation for geotechnical and environmental applications. In: New Frontiers in Geotechnical Engineering. pp.11–18.
DeJong, J.T., Fritzges, M.B. and Nüsslein, K., 2006. Microbially Induced Cementation to Control Sand Response to Undrained Shear. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(11), pp.1381–1392. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2006)132:11(1381).
Fahy, F. and Rau, H., 2013. Methods of sustainability research in the social sciences. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526401748.
Ferris, F.G., Phoenix, V., Fujita, Y. and Smith, R.W., 2004. Kinetics of calcite precipitation induced by ureolytic bacteria at 10 to 20 C in artificial groundwater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(8), pp.1701–1710. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00503-9
Ferris, F.G., Stehmeier, L.G., Kantzas, A. and Mourits, F.M., 1996. Bacteriogenic mineral plugging. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, 35(08). https://doi.org/10.2118/96-08-06.
Fujita, Y., Redden, G.D., Ingram, J.C., Cortez, M.M., Ferris, F.G. and Smith, R.W., 2004. Strontium incorporation into calcite generated by bacterial ureolysis. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 68(15), pp.3261–3270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.12.018
Gao, Y., He, J., Tang, X. and Chu, J., 2019. Calcium carbonate precipitation catalyzed by soybean urease as an improvement method for fine-grained soil. Soils and Foundations, 59(5), pp.1631–1637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2019.03.014.
Hamdan, N. and Kavazanjian Jr, E., 2016. Enzyme-induced carbonate mineral precipitation for fugitive dust control. Géotechnique, 66(7), pp.546–555. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.15.P.168.
Hamdan, N., Zhao, Z., Mujica, M., Kavazanjian Jr, E. and He, X., 2016. Hydrogel-assisted enzyme-induced carbonate mineral precipitation. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(10), p.04016089. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.000160.
Hamdan, N.M., 2015. Applications of Enzyme Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP) for Soil Improvement. PhD thesis, Arizona State University.
Hammes, F., Seka, A., de Knijf, S. and Verstraete, W., 2003. A novel approach to calcium removal from calcium-rich industrial wastewater. Water Research, 37(3), pp.699–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00308-1.
Harkes, M.P., Van Paassen, L.A., Booster, J.L., Whiffin, V.S. and van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., 2010. Fixation and distribution of bacterial activity in sand to induce carbonate precipitation for ground reinforcement. Ecological Engineering, 36(2), pp.112–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.01.004.
Hoang, T., Alleman, J., Cetin, B. and Choi, S.-G., 2020. Engineering properties of biocementation coarse-and fine-grained sand catalyzed by bacterial cells and bacterial enzyme. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 32(4), p.04020030.
Holdgate, M.W., 1987. Our Common Future: The Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York: xv+ 347+ 35 pp., 20.25× 13.25× 1.75 cm, Oxford Paperback, £ 5.95 net in UK, 1987. Environmental Conservation, 14(3), p.282.
Jasim, N.A., Shafiqu, Q.S. and Ibrahim, M.A., 2021. The effect of adding high-density polyethylene polymer on the engineering characteristics for sandy soil. Journal of Engineering, 27(9), pp.29–37. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2021.09.03
Javadi, N., 2021. The Properties and Longevity of Crude Urease Extract for Biocementation. PhD thesis, Arizona State University.
Hamdan N., Kavazanjian Jr. E., O’Donnell S., 2013. Carbonate Cementation via Plant Derived Urease Cimentation. School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306; (480), pp. 965-3997.
Krishnan, V., Khodadadi, H.T., Martin, K., Hamdan, N.M., Kavazanjian, E. and Van Paassen, L.A., 2018. Variation in strength of EICP treated “standard” sand. Proceedings of the B2G Atlanta.
Knorr, B., 2014. Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation for the Mitigation of Fugitive Dust. PhD thesis, Arizona State University.
Kumari, D., Qian, X.-Y., Pan, X., Achal, V., Li, Q. and Gadd, G.M., 2016. Microbially-induced carbonate precipitation for immobilization of toxic metals. Advances in applied microbiology, 94, pp.79–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aambs.2015.12.002.
Larsen, J., Poulsen, M., Lundgaard, T. and Agerbæk, M., 2008. Plugging of fractures in chalk reservoirs by enzyme-induced calcium carbonate precipitation. SPE Production & Operations, 23(04), pp.478–483. https://doi.org/10.2118/108589-PA.
Lee, S. and Kim, J., 2020. An experimental study on enzymatic-induced carbonate precipitation using yellow soybeans for soil stabilization. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 24(7), pp.2026–2037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-1659-9
Lo, C.-Y., Tirkolaei, H.K., Hua, M., De Rosa, I.M., Carlson, L., Kavazanjian Jr, E. and He, X., 2020. Durable and ductile double-network material for dust control. Geoderma, 361, p.114090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114090.
Martin, K. K., Khodadadi, T. H., Chester, M., and Kavazanjian Jr, E., 2020. Hotspot life cycle assessment for environmental impacts of EICP for ground improvement. In Geo-Congress 2020: Biogeotechnics (pp. 321-329). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482834.035.
Mekkiyah, H.M., 2013. Improvement of soil by using polymer fiber materials underneath square footing. Journal of Engineering, 19(07), pp.873–882. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2013.07.08
Meyer, F.D., Bang, S., Min, S., Stetler, L.D. and Bang, S.S., 2011. Microbiologically-induced soil stabilization: application of Sporosarcina pasteurii for fugitive dust control. In: Geo-frontiers 2011: advances in geotechnical engineering. pp.4002–4011.
Miftah, A., Khodadadi, T.H. and Bilsel, H., 2019. Strengthening Beach Sand by Enzyme Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation. In: Proceedings of the 8th Geotechnical Symposium, Istanbul, Turkey. pp.13–15. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13661063.
Miftah, A., Khodadadi Tirkolaei, H. and Bilsel, H., 2020. Biocementation of calcareous beach sand using enzymatic calcium carbonate precipitation. Crystals, 10(10), p.888.
Montoya, B.M., Gerhard, R., DeJong, J.T., Wilson, D.W., Weil, M.H., Martinez, B.C. and Pederson, L., 2012. Fabrication, operation, and health monitoring of bender elements for aggressive environments. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 35(5), pp.728–742.
Nemati, M. and Voordouw, G., 2003. Modification of porous media permeability using calcium carbonate produced enzymatically in situ. Enzyme and microbial technology, 33(5), pp.635–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(03)00191-1.
Nething, C., Smirnova, M., Gröning, J.A.D., Haase, W., Stolz, A. and Sobek, W., 2020. A method for 3D printing bio-cemented spatial structures using sand and urease active calcium carbonate powder. Materials & Design, 195, p.109032.
Neupane, D., Yasuhara, H., Kinoshita, N. and Unno, T., 2013. Applicability of enzymatic calcium carbonate precipitation as a soil-strengthening technique. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 139(12), pp.2201–2211. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000959.
Oliveira, P.J.V., Freitas, L.D. and Carmona, J.P.S.F., 2017. Effect of soil type on the enzymatic calcium carbonate precipitation process used for soil improvement. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 29(4), p.04016263.
Van Oss, H.G. and Padovani, A.C., 2003. Cement manufacture and the environment part II: environmental challenges and opportunities. Journal of Industrial ecology, 7(1), pp.93–126. https://doi.org/10.1162/108819803766729212.
Ossai, R., Rivera, L., & Bandini, P. , 2020. Experimental study to determine an EICP application method feasible for field treatment for soil erosion control. In Geo-Congress 2020 (pp. 205-213). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482834.023
Van Paassen, L.A., 2009. Biogrout, ground improvement by microbial induced carbonate precipitation.
Park, S.-S., Choi, S.-G. and Nam, I.-H., 2014. Effect of plant-induced calcite precipitation on the strength of sand. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 26(8), p.06014017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001029.
Pratama, G.B.S., Yasuhara, H., Kinoshita, N. and Putra, H., 2021. Application of soybean powder as urease enzyme replacement on EICP method for soil improvement technique. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/622/1/012035.
Putra, H., Yasuhara, H., Kinoshita, N. and Sudibyo, T., 2018. Improving shear strength parameters of sandy soil using enzyme-mediated calcite precipitation technique. Civil Engineering Dimension, 20(2), pp.91–95. https://doi.org/10.9744/ced.20.2.91-95.
Ramachandran, S.K., Ramakrishnan, V. and Bang, S.S., 2001. Remediation of concrete using microorganisms. Materials Journal, 98(1), pp.3–9. https://doi.org/10.14359/10154.
Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Rodriguez-Gallego, M., Ben Chekroun, K. and Gonzalez-Muñoz, M.T., 2003. Conservation of ornamental stone by Myxococcus xanthus-induced carbonate biomineralization. Applied and environmental microbiology, 69(4), pp.2182–2193. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.4.2182-2193.2003.
Salman, A.D., Karkush, M.O. and Karim, H.H., 2022. Effect of microbial induced calcite precipitation on shear strength of gypseous soil in dry and soaking conditions. In: Geotechnical Engineering and Sustainable Construction: Sustainable
Geotechnical Engineering. Springer. pp.103–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6277-5_9.
Shanahan, C. and Montoya, B.M., 2016. Erosion reduction of coastal sands using microbial induced calcite precipitation. In: Geo-Chicago 2016. pp.42–51. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480120.006.
Shu, S., Yan, B., Ge, B., Li, S. and Meng, H., 2022. Factors Affecting Soybean Crude Urease Extraction and Biocementation via Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP) for Soil Improvement. Energies, 15(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155566.
Simatupang, M. and Okamura, M., 2017. Liquefaction resistance of sand remediated with carbonate precipitation at different degrees of saturation during curing. Soils and Foundations, 57(4), pp.619–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2017.04.003.
Song, J.Y., Ha, S.J., Jang, J.W. and Yun, T.S., 2020. Analysis of improved shear stiffness and strength for sandy soils treated by EICP. Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, 36(1), pp.17–28.
Song, J.Y., Kim, Y., Jang, J., Yun, T.S. and Sim, Y., 2018. Microstructure of bio-mediated sand by enzyme induced carbonate precipitation: Relevance to physio-mechanical properties. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Unsaturated
Soils, Hong Kong, China. pp.3–5.
ASTM D559, 2015. Standard Test Methods for Wetting and Drying Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. https://doi.org/10.1520/D0559-03.
Stocks-Fischer, S., Galinat, J.K. and Bang, S.S., 1999. Microbiological precipitation of CaCO3. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 31(11), pp.1563–1571. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00082-6.
Tiano, P., 1995. Stone reinforcement by calcite crystal precipitation induced by organic matrix macromolecules. Studies in Conservation, 40(3), pp.171–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00082-6.
Van Tittelboom, K., De Belie, N., De Muynck, W. and Verstraete, W., 2010. Use of bacteria to repair cracks in concrete. Cement and concrete research, 40(1), pp.157–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.08.025.
Whiffin, V.S., Van Paassen, L.A. and Harkes, M.P., 2007. Microbial carbonate precipitation as a soil improvement technique. Geomicrobiology Journal, 24(5), pp.417–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490450701436505.
Water Resources, 2005. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, Tokyo.
Yang, Z., Cheng, X. and Li, M., 2011. Engineering properties of MICP-bonded sandstones used for historical masonry building restoration. In: Geo-Frontiers 2011: Advances in Geotechnical Engineering. pp.4031–4040. https://doi.org/10.1061/41165(397)412.
Yasuhara, H., Neupane, D., Hayashi, K. and Okamura, M., 2012. Experiments and predictions of physical properties of sand cemented by enzymatically-induced carbonate precipitation. Soils and Foundations, 52(3), pp.539–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.05.011.
Zhao, Q., Li, L., Li, C., Li, M., Amini, F. and Zhang, H., 2014. Factors affecting improvement of engineering properties of MICP-treated soil catalyzed by bacteria and urease. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 26(12), p.04014094. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001013.