ASSESSMENT OF PHENOL DERIVATIVES IN COOLING TOWER SYSTEM AS BIOCIDES
محتوى المقالة الرئيسي
الملخص
One of the major problems facing the industrial utilities especially cooling towers is biofouling. Many techniques and measures have been taken and still continuing researches are under way. Biocides and water qualities were the main area of research for evaluation. Friendly biocides are preferable for controlling viable count and fungi, but many harmful still in use.
The main objective of this research work is to predict a relationship covering the concentration of Cl and Br – containing compounds as biocide and the performance.
It was concluded that the chlorophenol is the major effective biocide used (reduce it for about 80%, while bromophenol to about 65%) and that material although they are highly approved, but suffer pitting corrosion.
تفاصيل المقالة
كيفية الاقتباس
تواريخ المنشور
المراجع
Characklis WG (1990) "Microbial biofouling control". In: characklis WG and Marshall KC (Eds) Biofilms (pp 585-633). John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Characklis WG and Cooksey KE (1983) "Biofilm and microbial fouling". Adv.Appl. Microbial.
Cloete TE, Brozel VS, and Van Holy A (1992) "Practical aspects of biofouling control in industrial water system". Int. Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 29:299-341.
Favstritsky et al (1992). "Method for the control of biofouling in recirculation water system". United state patent, patent number 4,935,153.
Fletcher M. (1992), "Bacterial Metabolism in biofilm, Science and technology" (pp 113-124).
Goddard, P.A. and McCue, K.A. (2001), "Phenolic compound. In Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation", 5th edn, (Block, S.S, Ed) pp255-281. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Hugo, W.B. (1999), "Disinfection mechanisms. In principle and practice of disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization", 3rd edn (pp258-283), Blackwell science, Oxford, UK.
John Aviles , James K. Rice, Mary E.S.Raivel (1997), "Biocides usage in cooling tower in the electric power plant and petroleum refining industries", US department of energy.
McDonnell, G. and Russell, A.D. (1999), "Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action and resistance ", Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 12, 147-79.
Melo, L.F. and Bott, T.R., (1997), "biofouling in water system", Experimental Thermal and fluid science; 14:375-381.
Michael, L., (2003), "control and monitoring of biofilm in industrial application", Int. Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 51:255-363.
Michael, L. (2004), "Biocorrosion towards understanding interaction between biofilms and metal". Curr. Opin. Biotechn. 15,181-186.
Russell, A.D. (1990),"The bacterial spore and chemical sporicidal agents", Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 3, 99-119.
Russell, A.D. and Furr, J.R. (1996), "Biocides: mechanisms of antifungal action and fungal resistance ", Science progress, 79, 27-48.
Russell, A.D, (2003), "Similarities and differences in the response of microorganisms to biocides", Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 6:750-763.
Tanji Y., Nakano T., Hori K., Miganaga K., Unno H., (2002) ,"anti bacterial activity of biocide on biofilm". Corrosion Eng.51:777-785.