Numerical Evaluation of Pile Group Behavior Subject to Earthquake Loads
Main Article Content
Abstract
The seismic design of pile foundations mainly relies on analyzing the seismic response of layered, liquefiable locations. Two design scenarios are taken into consideration from the case histories; the first is how pile foundations react to the stresses and lateral displacements brought on by the lateral dispersion of liquefied soil. The second is how to piles reaction to seismic activity that occurs with the development of high pore water pressures. The PLAXIS 3D software is utilized in this research with a non-linear soil constitutive model (hypoplastic model) for both dry and saturated loose sandy soils under the impact of two earthquakes and the motion of different features to give a complete understanding of the dynamic piled foundation response. The findings from this study show that the site profile, pile diameter, pile length, and excitation of ground motion significantly affect the dynamic response of the layered liquefied site. So, in the saturated case, the increase in the piles length to (L/D = 55) in comparison to the original length (L/D = 35) decreased the peak acceleration at the raft foundation by about (24.4 and 41.9) % under the effect of Kobe and Upland earthquake motion, respectively, while in the dry case, the reduction in peak acceleration was about (22.8 and 40.9) % under the effect of Kobe and Upland earthquake motion, respectively.
Article Details
How to Cite
Publication Dates
Received
Accepted
Published Online First
References
Albusoda, B., 2016. Engineering assessments of liquefaction potential of Baghdad soil under dynamic loading. Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD), 20(1), pp. 59-76.
Al-Taie, A. and Albusoda, B., 2019. Earthquake hazard on Iraqi soil: Halabjah earthquake as case study. Geodesy and Geodynamics, 10(3), pp. 196-204. doi:10.1016/j.geog.2019.03.004.
Sadiq, A. and Albusoda, B., 2020. Experimental and theoretical determination of settlement of shallow footing on liquefiable soil. Journal of Engineering, 26(9), pp. 155–164. doi: 10.31026/j.eng.2020.09.10.
Hadi, M. and Mekkiyah, H., 2023. The behavior of the Al-Kadhim minaret during earthquakes: A virtual study. Journal of Engineering, 26(1), pp.1-13. doi:10.31026/j.eng.2023.01.01.
Ter-Martirosyan, A. and Anh, L., 2020. Calculation of the settlement of pile foundations taking into account the influence of soil liquefaction. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 869(5). doi:10.1088/1757-899X/869/5/052025.
Albusoda, B., and Alsaddi, A., 2017. Experimental study on performance of laterally loaded plumb and battered piles in layered sand. Journal of Engineering, 23(9), pp. 23–37. doi: 10.31026/j.eng.2017.09.02.
López Jiménez, G., Dias, D., and Jenck, O., 2019. Effect of layered liquefiable deposits on the seismic response of soil foundations-structure systems. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 124, pp. 1-15. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.05.026
Hama Salih, S., Salih, N., Noory, D. and Abdalqadir, Z., 2020. Load-settlement Behavior of Steel Piles in Different Sandy Soil Configurations. Journal of Engineering, 26(10), pp. 109–122. doi: 10.31026/j.eng.2020.10.08.
Abdul Hussein, H., Shafiqu, Q. and Khaled, Z., 2021. Effect of Seismic Loading on Variation of Pore Water Pressure During Pile Pull-Out Tests in Sandy Soils. Journal of Engineering, 27(12), pp. 1–12. doi:10.31026/j.eng.2021.12.01.
Fattah, M.Y., Zabar, B.S and Mustafa, F.S., 2020. Effect of Saturation on Response of a Single Pile Embedded in Saturated Sandy Soil to Vertical Vibration. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 24(3), pp. 381–400. doi:10.1080/19648189.2017.1391126.
Fattah, M. Y., Zbar, B. S., Mustafa, F. S., 2021. Effect of Soil Saturation on Load Transfer in a Pile Excited by Pure Vertical Vibration. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Structures and Buildings, 17(2), pp. 132–144. doi:10.1680/jstbu.16.00206.
Sica, S., Mylonakis, G. and Simonelli, A. L., 2013. Strain effects on kinematic pile bending in layered soil. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol.49, pp. 231-242. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.02.015.
Chatterjee, K., Choudhury, D. and Poulos, H., 2015. Seismic analysis of laterally loaded pile under influence of vertical loading using finite element method. Computers and Geotechnics, 67, pp. 172-186. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.03.004.
Lombardi, D. and Bhattacharya, S., 2016. Evaluation of seismic performance of pile-supported models in liquefiable soils. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 45(6), pp. 1019-1038. doi:10.1002/eqe.2716.
Song, J., , Ma, X., Jia, K. and Yang, Y., 2022. An Explicit Finite Difference Method for Dynamic Interaction of Damped Saturated Soil Site-Pile Foundation-Superstructure System and Its Shaking Table Analysis. Building Journal, 12(8), 1186. doi:10.3390/buildings12081186.
Wang, R., Fu, P. and Zhang, J., 2016. Finite element model for piles in liquefiable ground. Computers and Geotechnics, 72, pp. 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.10.009.
Ramirez, J., Barrero, A., Chen, L., Dashti, Sh., Ghofrani, A., Taiebat, M., and Arduino, P., 2018. Site response in a layered liquefiable deposit: Evaluation of different numerical tools and methodologies with centrifuge experimental results. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 144(10), pp. 109–122. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001947.
Limnaiou, T. and Papadimitriou, A., 2022. Verification of bounding surface plasticity model with reversal surfaces for the analysis of liquefaction problems. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 163. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107394.
Shen, Y., Zhong, Z., Li, L. and Du, X., 2022. Nonlinear Solid–Fluid Coupled Seismic Response Analysis of Layered Liquefiable Deposit. Journal of Applied Sciences, 12(11), pp. 1–18. doi:10.3390/app12115628
Hussein, R. and Albusoda B., 2021. Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Laterally Loaded Pile Subjected to Earthquake Load. International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering (ICGE), Baghdad, Iraq, pp. 291–303. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-9399-4_25.
Dafalias, Y.F. and Manzari, M.T., 2004. Simple plasticity sand model accounting for fabric change effects. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 130(6), pp. 622–634. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2004)130:6(622).
Boulanger, R. and Ziotopoulou, K., 2015. PM4Sand (Version 3): A Sand Plasticity Model for Earthquake Engineering Applications. Technical Report UCD/CGM-15/01, Center for Geotechnical Modeling, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University
of California, California, USA.
Kolymbas D. A., 1985. Generalized Hypoelastic Constitutive Law. Proceedings of 11th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, V. 5, pp. 2626, San Francisco, USA.
Jawad, A. S. and Albusoda, B., 2022. Numerical Modeling of a Pile Group Subjected to Seismic Loading Using the Hypoplasticity Model. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 12(6), pp. 9771–9778. doi:org/10.48084/etasr.5351.
USGS Description of the Kobe and Upland Earthquake and (strong-motion Virtual Data Center (VDC). http://strongmnotion.org/index.html.
Matinmanesha, H. and Asheghabadi, M., 2011. Seismic Analysis on Soil-Structure Interaction of Buildings over Sandy Soil. The 12th East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction, V.14, pp. 1737–1743. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.218
Liang, T., Xiaoyu, Z., Xianzhang, L., Hui, L. and Nengpan, J. 2016. Experimental and numerical investigation on the dynamic response of pile group in liquefying ground. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 15(1), pp. 103-114. doi:10.1007/s11803-016-0308-2.
El-Attar, A., 2021. Dynamic analysis of combined piled raft system (CPRS). Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 12(3), pp. 2533–2547. doi:10.1016/j.asej.2020.12.014.
Al-Jeznawi, D., Jais, M. and Albusoda, B., 2022. The effect of model scale, acceleration history, and soil condition on closed-ended pipe pile response under coupled static-dynamic loads. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 19(2), pp. 1-18. doi: 10.6703/IJASE.202206_19(2).007.
Fansuri, M. H., Chang, M., Saputra, P. D., Purwanti, N., Laksmi, A. A., Harahap, S. and Surya, D. P., 2022. Effects of various factors on behaviors of piles and foundation soils due to seismic shaking. Solid Earth Sciences, 7(4), pp. 252–267. doi:10.1016/j.sesci.2022.09.001.
Tolun, M., Emirler, B. , Yildiz, A. and Güllü H., 2020. Dynamic Response of a Single Pile Embedded in Sand Including the Effect of Resonance. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 64(4), pp. 1038–1050. doi:10.3311/PPci.15027.
Kwon, Y. K. and Yoo, M., 2020. Study on the Pile- Soil Interactive Behvior in Liquefiable Sand by 3D Numerical Simulation. Applied Science, 10(8), 2723. doi:10.3390/app10082723..
Boyke, Ch. and Nagao, T., 2022. Seismic Performance Assessment of Wide Pile-Supported Wharf Considering Soil Slope and Waveform Duration. Applied Science, 12(14), 7266. doi:10.3390/app12147266.
Yu, Y., Bao, X., Lui, Z. and Chen, X., 2022. Dynamic Response of a Four-Pile Group Foundation in Liquefiable Soil Considering Nonlinear Soil-Pile Interaction. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(8), 1026. doi:10.3390/jmse10081026.
Nakagama, Y., Tamari, Y., Yoshida, H., Yamamoto, M. and Suzuki, H., 2022. Numerical analysis on seismic behavior of soil around pile group by 3D effective stress finite element method. Soils and Foundations, 62(2), 101123. doi:10.1016/j.sandf.2022.101123.