Response of Batter Piles Subjected to Static and Seismic Loading: Review Study
Main Article Content
Abstract
Battered piles are beneficial when used as foundations where significant lateral resistance is required, which could result from extreme water waves, winds, soil pressures, massive hits of explosions, or earthquakes. Experimental and numerical research must focus on that direction to reveal how these foundations behave under different loading conditions. The present study reviews the investigations conducted on the performance of batter pile foundations and attempts to understand and cover various aspects related to this issue; after conducting the review, the results indicate that the negative battered piles provide an efficient lateral stiffness corresponding to positive battered piles and a vertical one. Also, lateral bearing capacity improved with the inclusion of battered piles. Moreover, batter piles respond better than vertical piles in liquefiable soil under seismic excitation. The current study also showed that the pullout capacity of batter piles increased with the batter angle.
Article Details
Section
How to Cite
References
Albusoda, B. S. and Alsaddi, A. F., 2017. Experimental study on the performance of laterally loaded plumb and battered piles in layered sand. Journal of Engineering, 23(9), pp. 23-37. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2017.09.02.
Al-Taie, A.J. and Albusoda, B.S., 2019. Earthquake hazard on Iraqi soil: Halabja earthquake as a case study. Geodesy and Geodynamics, 10(3), pp. 196-204.
Adel, H. F. and Nguyen, T. Q., 2003. Shaft resistance of single vertical and batter piles driven in the sand. Journal of Geotechnical and Geo-environmental Engineering, 129(7), pp. 601–607. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2003)129:7(601)
Al-Jeznawi, D., Mohamed, J. and Albusoda, B. S., 2022. The effect of model scale, acceleration history, and soil condition on closed-ended pipe pile response under coupled static-dynamic loads. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 19(2), pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.6703/ijase.202206_19(2).007
Al-Jeznawi, D., Mohamed, J., Albusoda B. S. and Khalid, N., 2022. Numerical modeling of closed and open-ended pipe piles embedded in dry soil layers under coupled static and dynamic loadings. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 31(1), pp. 587-594. https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0055
Al-Jeznawi, D., Jais, I. B. M., Albusoda, B. S. and Khalid, N., 2023. Numerical Assessment of Pipe Pile Axial Response under Seismic Excitation. Journal of Engineering, 29(10), pp. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2023.10.01
AlTememy, M. S., Al-Neami, M. A. and Asswad, M. F., 2022. Finite element analysis on the behavior of single battered pile in sandy soil under pullout loading. International Journal of Engineering, 35(6), pp. 1127-1134. https://doi.org/10.5829/ije.2022.35.06c.04
Azizkandi, A. S., Mohammad, H. B. and Morteza, S., 2020. Centrifuge modeling of batter pile behavior under explosion loading. Marine Geo-resources & Geotechnology, 39(11), pp. 1273-1284. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119x.2020.1825570
Azizkandi, A. S., Shima, V. and Mohammad, E., 2020. Shaking Table Modeling of Battered Pile’s Behavior Under Seismic Loading. Geotechnics for sustainable infrastructure development, pp. 199-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2184-3_25
Bajaj, P., Laxmikant, Y. and Sandeep, K. C., 2019. The behavior of vertical and batter piles under lateral, uplift, and combined loads in non-cohesive soil. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 4 (1), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-019-0242-z
Bharathi, M. and Dubey, R. N., 2018. Dynamic lateral response of under-reamed vertical and batter piles. Construction and Building Materials, 158, pp. 910–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.042
Bharathi, M., Ramanand, N. D. and Sanjay, K. S., 2019. Experimental investigation of vertical and batter pile groups subjected to dynamic loads. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 116, pp. 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.10.012
Bhattacharya, S. 2003. Pile instability during earthquake liquefaction. PhD thesis, university of Cambridge.
Chen, C. Y. and Hsu, Q. H., 2017. Modeling of batter pile behavior under lateral soil movement. Materials Science and Engineering, 216 (1), pp. 12-39. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/216/1/012039
Cheng, Z. and Jeremic, B., 2009. Numerical Modeling and simulation of soil lateral spreading against piles. Analysis and Reliability of Foundations. PP. 183-189. https://doi.org/10.1061/41022(336)24.
Deng, N., Kulesza, R., and Ostadan, F. 2007. Seismic soil-pile group interaction analysis of a battered pile group. In: The 4th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, 25-28 June, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Dezi, F., Carbonari, S. and Morici, M., 2016. A numerical model for the dynamic analysis of inclined pile groups. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 45(1), pp. 45-68. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2615
Escoffier, S., Jean, L. C. and Jacques, G., 2008. Centrifuge modeling of raked piles. Bulletin of earthquake engineering, 6 (4), pp. 689-704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-008-9094-1
Escoffier, S., 2012. Experimental study of the effect of the inclined pile on the seismic behavior of pile group. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 42 pp. 275–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.06.007
Finn, W, D, L. and Fujita, N., 2002. Piles in liquefiable soils: seismic analysis and design issues. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 22 pp. 731–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0267-7261(02)00094-5
Hazzar, L., Mahmoud, N. H. and Mourad, K., 2016. Numerical investigation of the lateral response of battered pile foundations. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 11(4), pp. 376-392. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2016.1224030
Hussein, R.S., Albusoda, B.S. 2021. Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Laterally Loaded Pile Subjected to Earthquake Loading. Geotechnical Engineering and Construction, 112, pp. 291-303. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9399-4_25
Giannakou, A., Gerolymos, N., Gazetas, G., Tazoh, T., and Anastasopoulos, I., 2010. Seismic behavior of batter piles: elastic response. Journal of Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering, 136(9), pp. 1187–1199. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000337
Ghazavi, M., Pedram, R. and Arash, A. L., 2014. Analytical and numerical solution for interaction between batter pile groups. Journal of Civil Engineering, 18, pp. 2051-2063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-014-0082-5
Ghazavi, M., Ravanshenas, P. and El Naggar, M. H., 2013. Interaction between inclined pile groups subjected to harmonic vibrations. Soils and foundations, 53(6), pp. 789-803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.08.009
Jamil, I., Altaf, Z., Rehman, S. U., and Arshad, M. H., 2019. Experimental study of comparison of settlement behavior of pile raft foundation with batter and vertical piles. In: The 1st Conference on Sustainability in Civil Engineering. Islamabad, Pakistan: Capital University of Science and Technology.
Jiren, Li, Song, B. and Cui, J., 2015. Seismic Dynamic Damage Characteristics of Vertical and Batter Pile-supported Wharf Structure Systems. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 8(5), pp. 180-189. https://doi.org/10.25103/jestr.085.23
Johnson, J. B., Vahedifard, F., Kokkali, P., Tessari, A. F., Abdoun, T., and Varuso, R. J. 2017. Numerical simulation of T-walls supported by batter piles within a levee embankment. DFI Journal-The Journal of the Deep Foundations Institute, 11(1), pp. 2-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/19375247.2017.1376369
Komatsu, A., Yoshito, M. and Takahiro S., 2004. Study on the seismic bearing capacity of grouped piles with battered piles. In: The 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Li, Z., Escoffier, S. and Kotronis, P., 2012. Centrifuge modeling of inclined pile foundations under seismic actions. In: The 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, September, Lisbon, Portugal., pp.07-55.
Li, Z., Escoffier, S. and Kotronis, P., 2016. Centrifuge modeling of batter piles foundations under earthquake excitation. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 88, pp. 176-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.05.013
Li, Z., Kotronis, P., Escoffier, S., and Tamagnini, C.A., 2018. Hypoplastic Macro Element Formulation for single batter piles in sand. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 42(12), pp. 1346-1365. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2794
Liu, K., Han, C., Xu, C., and Nie, Z., 2021. Experimental study on deformation and load transfer mechanisms of symmetrical batter piles under vertical loading. Applied Sciences, 11(7), pp. 31-69. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11073169
Li, Y. R. and Zhang, J., 2020. Dynamic Response of Pile Cap and Distribution Laws of Bending Moment about Vertical and Batter Pile Groups in Liquefiable Soil. In: The 17th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 13-18 September, Sendai, Japan., pp. 1-12.
Mahalakshmi, M., Soundara, B. and Hashini, C. D., 2021. Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Combined Batter Pile–Raft Foundation Embedded in Sand. In: Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference Singapore., pp. 357-363. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6346-5_31
Memari, M., Fakher, A. and Mirghaderi, S. R., 2011. Improvement of seismic performance of wharves, including batter piles. In: The 6th International Conference of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Tehran, Iran.
Mondal, S. and Disfani, M. M., 2022. Battered minipile response to low-frequency cyclic lateral loading in very dense sand. Acta Geotechnical, 17(9), pp. 4033-4050. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-022-01471-2
Meyerhof, G. G., and Ranjan, G., 1973. The Bearing capacity of rigid piles under inclined loads in the sand: Batter Piles. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 10(1), pp.71-85. https://doi.org/10.1139/t73-006.
Nazir, A. and Nasr, A., 2013. Pullout capacity of batter pile in sand. Journal of advanced research, 4(2), pp. 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2012.04.001
Palammal, S. J. and Senthilkumar, P. K., 2018. Behavioral analysis of vertical and batter pile groups under vertical and lateral loading in the sand. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11(22), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-4032-2
Rahimi, M. R., and Bargi, K., 2010. Efficient arrangement of batter piles of a pile-supported wharf in the sand. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 15, pp. 729-738.
Rajeswari, J. S. and Rajib, S., 2021. Seismic behavior of batter pile groups embedded in liquefiable soil. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 20, pp. 583-604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-021-2040-9
Rajeswari, J. S. and Rajib, S., 2024. Adequacy of Batter Piles under seismic condition: A review of past Performance and investigations. Structure, 61, pp. 106-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2024.106022
Ralli, R., Manna, B. and Datta, M., 2019. Dynamic Analysis of single batter pile using different soil models. In: The 7th Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Greece, 24–26 June.
Ratnam, K. M., Satyam, D. N., and Gundlapalli, P., 2017. Load Carrying Capacity of Laterally Loaded Batter Piles. In: Indian Geotechnical Conference, 14-16 December, Guwahati, India.
Rezazade, R. and Kalantari, B., 2017. Evaluation of effective factors on the load-displacement relationship of laterally loaded single vertical and battered piles using FEM Analysis Electronic. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 22(11), pp. 4289-4301
Sabbagh, T. T., Al-Salih, O. and AlAbboodi, I., 2019. Experimental investigation of batter pile groups' behavior subjected to lateral soil movement in the sand. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 14(7), pp. 705-716. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2019.1585596
Sadek, M. and Isam, S. 2004. Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the seismic behavior of inclined micro piles. Soil Dynamic and Earthquake Engineering, 24, pp. 473-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0267-7261(04)00034-x .
Saeid, S. E., 2019. The analysis of soil and structure interaction by finite element method in batter and bearing micro-piles. In: The 6th National Congress on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Development. Tehran, Iran.
Singh, T., Mahesh, P. and Arora, V. K., 2017. The ultimate capacity of battered pile groups subjected to oblique pullout loads in the sand. International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 3(3), pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-017-0103-9
Singh, T., Mahesh, P. and Arora, V. K., 2019. Modeling oblique load carrying capacity of batter pile groups using neural network, random forest regression, and M5 model tree. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 13(3), pp. 674-685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-018-0505-3
Sharma, B. and Hussain, Z., 2019. Behavior of batter micro-piles subjected to vertical and lateral loading conditions. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 7(2), pp. 206-220. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2019.72014
Sarkar, R., Nishant, R. and Arun, S., 2017. A three-dimensional comparative study of seismic behaviors of vertical and batter pile groups. Geotechnical and geological engineering, 36, pp. 763-781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0352-3
Schlechter, S. M., Dickenson, S. E., Mccullough, N. J., and Boland, J. C., 2004. Influence of batter piles on the dynamic behavior of pile-supported wharf structures. American sociality of civil engineering, (pp. 1-10). https://doi.org/10.1061/40727(2004)12
Subramanian, R. M. and Boominathan, A., 2016. Dynamic experimental studies on lateral behavior of batter piles in soft clay. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 10(4) pp. 317-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2016.1150006
Subramanian, R. M. and Boominathan, A., 2017. The behavior of batter piles under dynamic load. In: The 19th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Seoul, Korea.
Tazoh, T., Sato, M., Jang, J., Taji, Y., and Gazetas, G., 2010. Seismic behavior of batter pile foundation: kinematic response. In: The 5th International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, California., pp. 41-48. https://doi.org/10.1201/b10568-6
Tomisawa, K. and Isobe, K., 2016. Seismic Resistance of Batter Pile Foundations in Peaty Soft Ground. American Sociality of Civil Engineering, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480021.011
Tschebotarioof, G. P., 1953, The resistance to lateral loading of single piles and pile groups. Special Publications, ASTM, 154, pp. 38-48.
Vu, A. T., Matsumoto, T., Kobayashi, S. I., and Shimono, S., 2017. Experimental study on pile foundations having batter piles subjected to the combination of vertical and horizontal loading at the 1-g field. Geotechnical Eng. Journal of the SEAGS & AGSSEA, 48(3), pp. 12-24.
Vu, A. T., Matsumoto, T., Xi, X., and Pham, D. P., 2021. Behaviors of batter-pile foundations subjected to a combination of vertical load and cyclic horizontal loading. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 16(5), pp. 592-605. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2021.1929696
Vu, A. T., Matsumoto, T., Kobayashi, S. I. and Nguyen, T. L., 2016. Model load tests on battered pile foundations and finite-element analysis. International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, 18(1), pp. 33-54. https://doi.org/10.1680/jphmg.16.00010
Wang, S. and Orense, R. P., 2014. Modeling of raked pile foundations in the liquefiable ground. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 64, pp. 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.04.005
Wang, S. and Orense, R. P., 2017. Numerical simulation of inclined piles in liquefiable soils. In: The 20th geotechnical symposium, Napier.
Wang, Y. and Orense, R. P., 2023. Numerical Investigation of Inclined Piles under Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading. Geotechnics, 3(2), pp. 320–346. https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3020019
Wang, M. and Han, J. 2010. Numerical Modelling for Ground Improvement of Batter Micropiles on Liquefiable Soils. Ground Improvement and Geosynthetics, pp. 212-219. https://doi.org/10.1061/41108(381)28
Xie, Y., Chenglin, L., Suyang, G., Jieping, T. and Yan, C., 2017. Lateral load bearing capacity of the offshore high-piled wharf with batter piles. Ocean Engineering, 142, pp. 377-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.07.001
Yadu, L., Bajaj, P. and Premjani, R., 2022. Study on Vertical Piles Batter Piles and Pile Groups Under Uplift Load Conditions in Non-Cohesive Sub-soil. Earth and Environmental Science, 982(1), pp. 12-52. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/982/1/012052
Yun, J. and Han, J., 2020. Dynamic behavior of pile-supported structures with batter piles according to the ground slope through centrifuge model tests. Applied Sciences, 10(16), pp. 5600. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165600
Yan, Z., Sun, P., Yang, Z. X. and Fu, D. F., 2020. Lateral bearing performance of a defective pile-supported wharf with batter piles. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 146(5), https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ww.1943-5460.0000597
Yan, Z., Zhang, H. Q., Xie, M. X. and Han, R. R. 2021. Centrifuge bearing behaviors of batter-piled wharf under lateral cyclic loading. Ocean Engineering, 226, pp.810-824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.108824
Yoshimi, Y., 1964. Piles in cohesionless soil subjected to oblique pull. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations, 90(6), pp.11-24.
Zhang, L., Michael, C., Mcvay, and Peter, W. L., 1999. Centrifuge modeling of laterally loaded single battered piles in sands. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 36(6), pp. 1074-1084. https://doi.org/10.1139/t99-072
Zhang, L. M., McVay, M. C., Han, S. J., Lai, P. W., and Gardner, R., 2002. Effects of dead loads on the lateral response of battered pile groups. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39(3), pp. 561-575. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-008
Zhang, S., Wei, Y., Cheng, X., Chen, T., Zhang, X., and Li, Z., 2020. Centrifuge modeling of batter piles foundations in laterally spreading soil. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 135, pp. 106-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106166
Zhang, Q. and Zhuo, W., 2014. Numerical Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of Batter Piles under Inclined Loads. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development (English Edition), 8(2), pp. 66-71. https://doi.org/10.1061/jhtrcq.0000383