Mechanical and Physiochemical Properties of Central Marshes Bed Soils – Southern Iraq
محتوى المقالة الرئيسي
الملخص
The central marshes are one of the most important wetlands/ecosystems in the southern area of Iraq. This study evaluates the bed soil's mechanical, physical, and chemical properties at certain southern Iraqi central marshes sites. This was conducted to investigate their types and suitability for enhancing the agricultural reality of most field crops and for construction purposes. Soil samples were collected from 15 sites at 10-100 cm depth. Hence, numerous parameters were determined: index properties, unconfined compressive strength, direct shear strength, consolidation, texture, and sieve analysis, water content, specific gravity, dry density, permeability, pH, total soluble salts (TSS), organic materials (OM) and total sulfate content SO3. Results of this study showed that the bed soil of the Central Marshes is classified as clay-silt soil and suitable for planting different crops. Furthermore, Analysis of the results may have a role in the design and planning of upcoming projects, such as the construction of buildings and agriculture, that would have to enlighten the decision maker.
تفاصيل المقالة
كيفية الاقتباس
تواريخ المنشور
المراجع
AASHTO T90. Standard Method of Test. for Determining the Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO):Washington, DC, USA, 2020.
Al-Ansari, N. (2021). Water Resources of Iraq. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, 11(2), 15-34.
Albarakat, R., Lakshmi, V., & Tucker, C. J. (2018). Using satellite remote sensing to study the impact of climate and anthropogenic changes in the Mesopotamian marshlands, Iraq. Remote Sensing, 10(10), 1524.
Al-Jasimee, A. S., Abed, S. A., Salim, M. A., & Harjan, Q. J. (2020, November). Studying the Diversity of Freshwater Ecosystems in Iraq. Do We Need Different Approaches?. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1664, No. 1, p. 012141). IOP Publishing.
Al‐Mudaffar Fawzi, N., Goodwin, K. P., Mahdi, B. A., & Stevens, M. L. (2016). Effects of Mesopotamian Marsh (Iraq) desiccation on the cultural knowledge and livelihood of Marsh Arab women. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 2(3), e01207.
Al-Mukhtar, M., & Al-Yaseen, F. (2019). Modeling water quality parameters using data-driven models, a case study Abu-Ziriq marsh in south of Iraq. Hydrology, 6(1), 24.
Al-Saad, H. T., & Al-Timari, A. A. (1993). Seasonal variations of dissolved normal alkanes in the water marshes of Iraq. Marine pollution bulletin, 26(4), 207-212.
Al-Suhili, R. H., & Ghafour, Z. J. (2013). Genetic Algorithm Optimization Model for Central Marches Restoration Flows with Different Water Quality Scenarios. Journal of Engineering, 19(3).
Alwan, I. A., & Aziz, N. A. (2021). An accuracy analysis comparison of supervised classification methods for mapping land cover using sentinel 2 images in the Al-Hawizeh marsh area, southern Iraq. Geomatics and Environmental Engineering, 15(1).
Alwan, I. A., & Aziz, N. A. (2022). Monitoring of surface ecological change using remote sensing technique over Al-Hawizeh Marsh, Southern Iraq. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 100784.
Al-Zaidy, K. J., Parisi, G., Abed, S. A., & Salim, M. A. (2019, September). Classification of the key functional diversity of the marshes of southern Iraq marshes. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1294, No. 7, p. 072021). IOP Publishing.
ASTM (2020). “D3080/D3080M: Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils under Consolidated.
ASTM D 2487 soil classification groups GW. GP, GM, SW, SP, and SM or a combination of these groups.
ASTM D 698-00a. (2006). Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1-11.
ASTM D4318. Standard Test. Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2017. [CrossRef]
ASTM, D. 2166 (2016) Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil. American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM, West Conshohocken.
Daham, A., Han, D., Rico-Ramirez, M., & Marsh, A. (2018). Analysis of NVDI variability in response to precipitation and air temperature in different regions of Iraq, using MODIS vegetation indices. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(10), 1-24..
Daham, A., Han, D., Rico-Ramirez, M., & Marsh, A. (2018). Analysis of NVDI variability in response to precipitation and air temperature in different regions of Iraq, using MODIS vegetation indices. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(10), 1-24.
Darvishi Boloorani, A., Najafi Marghmaleki, S., Soleimani, M., Papi, R., Kardan Moghaddam, H., & Samany, N. N. (2022). Development of a scenario-based approach using game theory for the restoration of Hawizeh Marsh and dust mitigation. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 1-17.
E8 Standard, A. S. T. M. (2004).Standard test method for tension testing of metallic materials, West Conshohocken (USA), ASTM. International.
Hammer, E. (2022). Multi-centric, Marsh-based Urbanism at the early Mesopotamian city of Lagash (Tell al-Hiba, Iraq). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 68, 101458.
Hasab, H. A., Jawad, H. A., Dibs, H., Hussain, H. M., & Al-Ansari, N. (2020). Evaluation of water quality parameters in marshes zone southern of Iraq based on remote sensing and GIS techniques. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 231(4), 1-11.
Hasab, H. A., Jawad, H. A., Dibs, H., Hussain, H. M., & Al-Ansari, N. (2020). Evaluation of water quality parameters in marshes zone southern of Iraq based on remote sensing and GIS techniques. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 231(4), 1-11.
Hashim, B. M., Sultan, M. A., Attyia, M. N., Al Maliki, A. A., & Al-Ansari, N. (2019). Change detection and impact of climate changes to Iraqi southern marshes using Landsat 2 Mss, Landsat 8 Oli and sentinel 2 Msi data and Gis applications. Applied Sciences, 9(10)
Hason, M. M., Abbood, I. S., & aldeen Odaa, S. (2020). Land cover reflectance of Iraqi marshlands based on visible spectral multiband of satellite imagery. Results in Engineering, 8, 100167.
Khidher, S. A. (2019). Geographical Changes in the Marshes of Iraq. Journal of the College of Education for Women, 30(1).
MainRoads, Q. D. (2018). o T a. Main roads technical standard: MRTS35-Recycled materials for pavements.
Marsh, A., Fleitmann, D., Al-Manmi, D. A. M., Altaweel, M., Wengrow, D., & Carter, R. (2018). Mid-to late-Holocene archaeology, environment and climate in the northeast Kurdistan region of Iraq. The Holocene, 28(6), 955-967.
Salim, M. A., Abed, S. A., Jabbar, M. T., Harbi, Z. S., Yassir, W. S., Al-Saffah, S. M., & Alabd-Alrahman, H. A. (2020, November). Diversity of Avian Fauna of Al-Dalmaj Wetlands and the surrounding terrestrial areas, Iraq. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1664, No. 1, p. 012105). IOP Publishing.
Salim, M. A., Abed, S. A., Jabbar, M. T., Harbi, Z. S., Yassir, W. S., Al-Saffah, S. M., & Alabd-Alrahman, H. A. (2020, November). Diversity of Avian Fauna of Al-Dalmaj Wetlands and the surrounding terrestrial areas, Iraq. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1664, No. 1, p. 012105). IOP Publishing.
Salim, S. M. (2021). Marsh dwellers of the Euphrates Delta. Routledge.
Standard, B. 1377. 1975. Methods of Testing Soils for Civil Engineering.