التأثيرات التآزرية والتضادية لترسّب الجسيمات النانوية في الموائع النانوية الأحادية والهجينة منخفضة التركيز على أداء انتقال الحرارة في الغليان الحوضي
محتوى المقالة الرئيسي
الملخص
إنَّ التزايد المستمر في متطلبات تبديد الحرارة في الإلكترونيات الحديثة عالية الأداء يفرض الحاجة إلى تقنيات تبريد متقدمة تتجاوز قدرات الموائع التقليدية. وقد برزت الموائع النانوية بوصفها حلاً واعدًا من الجيل الجديد لتعزيز انتقال الحرارة بالغليان. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التحقيق تجريبيًا في أداء الغليان البركي للموائع النانوية الأحادية والهجينة عند تركيز حجمي منخفض قدره 0.01%، باستخدام سطح نحاسي أملس وتحت ظروف الغليان المشبع، مع اعتماد الماء منزوع الأيونات (DIW) بوصفه السائل الأساس. تم تحضير ثلاثة موائع نانوية أحادية هي (Al₂O₃/DIW، وAg/DIW، وGNPs/DIW)، بالإضافة إلى ثلاثة موائع نانوية هجينة بنسبة خلط ثابتة 50:50 هي (Al₂O₃–Ag/DIW، وAl₂O₃–GNPs/DIW، وAg–GNPs/DIW). وقد جرى تحليل كلٍّ من الفيض الحراري الحرج (CHF) ومعامل انتقال الحرارة (HTC) بصورة منهجية.
أظهرت جميع الموائع النانوية تحسنًا في أداء الغليان مقارنةً بالماء منزوع الأيونات. ومن بين الموائع النانوية الأحادية، حقق GNPs/DIW أعلى أداء، إذ أدى إلى زيادة الفيض الحراري الحرج ومعامل انتقال الحرارة بنسبة 40.55% و164.8% على التوالي. أما المائع النانوي الهجين Ag–GNPs/DIW فقد أظهر أفضل أداء إجمالًا، مع زيادة بلغت 53.63% في الفيض الحراري الحرج و209.8% في معامل انتقال الحرارة. وعلى النقيض من ذلك، أظهر المائع النانوي الهجين Al₂O₃–GNPs/DIW انخفاضًا في أداء انتقال الحرارة مقارنةً بالمائع الأحادي GNPs/DIW، مما يشير إلى وجود تأثيرات ترسيب متضادة ناجمة عن إضافة جسيمات Al₂O₃.
كما كشفت تحليلات توصيف السطح باستخدام المجهر الإلكتروني الماسح (SEM)، والتحليل الطيفي لتشتت الطاقة (EDS)، وحيود الأشعة السينية (XRD)، وقياسات زاوية التلامس، وتحليل المسامية، أن ترسب صفائح الجرافين النانوية (GNPs) يؤدي إلى تكوين طبقة جرافيتية واقية تقلل من أكسدة النحاس، وتعزز مسامية السطح ونصف قطر تجاويف الغليان، مما يسهم في تحسين انتقال الحرارة بالغليان. في المقابل، عززت جسيمات Al₂O₃ تكوّن الأكاسيد وتسببت في انسداد جزئي للمسام، الأمر الذي أدى إلى انخفاض معامل انتقال الحرارة. وتوفر هذه النتائج فهمًا جديدًا لآليات الترسيب التآزرية والتضادية للجسيمات النانوية التي تتحكم في تحسين أداء الغليان في الموائع النانوية الأحادية والهجينة.
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