Urban Formative Indicators Affecting Outdoor Thermal Comfort on Campus
Main Article Content
Abstract
Thermal comfort in university outdoor spaces is a fundamental requirement for creating a sustainable environment that supports student activities and events, and it is linked to the physical characteristics of the campus. The research problem emerged from a knowledge gap regarding the impact of urban formation on achieving thermal comfort in these spaces. The research assumes that specific urban formation indicators effectively influence users' perceptions of thermal comfort. It aims to analyze the impact of these indicators on improving thermal comfort within the university environment, with a focus on identifying the most effective in achieving thermal balance. A comparative analytical methodology was adopted that included diverse university environments from international studies, selected based on their diverse climates, formation patterns, and geographical distribution. This aimed to evaluate the performance of formation indicators and extract the most important factors influencing thermal comfort. The results showed that sky view factor, building coverage ratios, and vegetation cover are among the most influential formation indicators. Other indicators also emerged, such as the ratio of open spaces, building and wall heights, surface reflectivity, height-to-street width ratio, and ground coverage, which collectively contribute to reducing air and surface temperatures. The study recommended increasing vegetation cover and enhancing urban elements that are effective in reducing temperatures, while also ensuring a dynamic thermal balance between humans and the built environment to support a comfortable and sustainable university environment.
Article Details
Section
How to Cite
References
Abaas, Z.R., and Khalid, Z., 2023. Towards local sustainability: A case study to evaluate outdoor urban spaces in Baghdad using physiological equivalent temperature index. City and Environment Interactions, 20, P. 100115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cacint.2023.100115
Ahmed, S., and Hamed, I.M., 2023. Impact of urban orientation on environmental comfort factors for residential buildings-a comparative analysis. International Design Journal, 13(6), pp. 447-459.https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/idj.2023.235852.1094
Ar-Rifai, T.D.E.D., 1983. The new university environment: A 20th century urban ideal (Europe, America). University of Pennsylvania.
Chen, J., Pellegrini, P., Yang, Z., and Wang, H., 2023. Strategies for sustainable urban renewal: community-scale GIS-based analysis for densification decision making. Sustainability, 15(10), P. 7901.https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107901
Chen, S., Cui, P., and Mei, H., 2021. A sustainable design strategy based on building morphology to improve the microclimate of university campuses in cold regions of China using an optimization algorithm. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021(1), P. 2304796. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2304796.
Djongyang, N., Tchinda, R., and Njomo, D., 2010. Thermal comfort: A review paper. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(9), pp. 2626-2640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.040
Dober, R.P., 2000. Campus landscape: Functions, forms, features. John Wiley & Sons.
Elzeni, M., Elmokadem, A., and Badawy, N.M., 2022. Classification of urban morphology indicators towards urban generation. Port-Said Engineering Research Journal, 26(1), pp. 43-56. https://doi.org/10.21608/pserj.2021.91760.1135
Eslamirad, N., Sepúlveda, A., De Luca, F., and Sakari Lylykangas, K., 2022. Evaluating outdoor thermal comfort using a mixed-method to improve the environmental quality of a university campus. Energies, 15(4), P. 1577. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041577
Frey, M. and Drew, J., 1964. Tropical architecture. Рипол Классик.
Givoni, B., Noguchi, M., Saaroni, H., Pochter, O., Yaacov, Y., Feller, N., and Becker, S., 2003. Outdoor comfort research issues. Energy and buildings, 35(1), pp. 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00082-8
Huang, C., and Xu, N., 2022. Climatic factors dominate the spatial patterns of urban green space coverage in the contiguous United States. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 107, P. 102691.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.102691
Kamoona, G.M.I.A.R., 2016. Passive design strategies to enhance natural ventilation in buildings election of passive design strategies to achieve natural ventilation in iraqi urban environment with hot arid climate. Journal of Engineering, 22(6), pp. 16-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2016.06.13
Kesarovski, T., and Hernández-Palacio, F., 2023. Time, the other dimension of urban form: Measuring the relationship between urban density and accessibility to grocery shops in the 10-minute city. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 50(1), pp. 44-59 .
Kurdoğlu, B.Ç., Bayramoğlu, E., and Konakoğlu, S.S.K., 2018. Kampüslerde yaya ve bisiklet yollarina uygun sürdürülebilir donati tasarim kriterleri. Uluslararası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi (IBAD), 3(2), pp. 493-502.http://dx.doi.org/10.21733/ibad.415021
Morganti, M., Salvati, A., Coch, H., and Cecere, C., 2017. Urban morphology indicators for solar energy analysis. Energy Procedia, 134, pp. 807-814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.533
Kheirkhah, Z. and Nemati Mehr, M.A., 2021. Elements and indicators of urban form: A meta-synthesis study. Space Ontology International Journal, 10(2), pp. 45-60.
Nicol, J.F., and Roaf, S., 2017. Rethinking thermal comfort. Building Research & Information, 45(7), pp. 711-716. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2017.1301698
Oliveira, V., 2021. Urban morphology: an introduction to the study of the physical form of cities. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92454-6
Pan, X.Z., Zhao, Q.G., Chen, J., Liang, Y., and Sun, B., 2008. Analyzing the variation of building density using high spatial resolution satellite images: the example of Shanghai City. Sensors, 8(4), pp. 2541-2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8042541
Purevtseren, M., Tsegmid, B., Indra, M., and Sugar, M., 2018. The fractal geometry of urban land use: The case of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. Land, 7(2), P. 67.https://doi.org/10.3390/land7020067
Qi, Y., Chen, L., Xu, J., Liu, C., Gao, W., and Miao, S., 2025. Influence of university campus spatial morphology on outdoor thermal environment: A case study from Eastern China. Energy and Built Environment, 6(1), pp. 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbenv.2023.08.004
Ryu, H., Park, I.K., Chun, B.S., and Chang, S.I., 2017. Spatial statistical analysis of the effects of urban form indicators on road-traffic noise exposure of a city in South Korea. Applied acoustics, 115, pp. 93-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.08.025
Sharmin, T., Steemers, K., and Humphreys, M., 2019. Outdoor thermal comfort and summer PET range: A field study in tropical city Dhaka. Energy and Buildings, 198, pp. 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.05.064
Szabo, S., Gácsi, Z., and Balazs, B., 2016. Specific features of NDVI, NDWI and MNDWI as reflected in land cover categories.
Wang, M., and Xu, H., 2021. The impact of building height on urban thermal environment in summer: A case study of Chinese megacities. Plos one, 16(4), P .e0247786. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247786
Wang, Y., de Groot, R., Bakker, F., Wörtche, H., and Leemans, R., 2017. Thermal comfort in urban green spaces: a survey on a Dutch university campus. International journal of biometeorology, 61, pp. 87-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1193-0
Wei, R., Xu, C., Song, D., Tong, H., and Chen, Z., 2023. Study on the correlation analysis between urban morphological factors and microclimate based on empirical methods on a university campus in a hot-summer–cold-winter region. Buildings, 13(8), P. 1920. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081920
Wong, N.H., Jusuf, S.K., Syafii, N.I., Chen, Y., Hajadi, N., Sathyanarayanan, H., and Manickavasagam, Y.V., 2011. Evaluation of the impact of the surrounding urban morphology on building energy consumption. Solar Energy, 85(1), pp. 57-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2010.11.002
Yu, Z., Chen, S., and Wong, N.H., 2020. Temporal variation in the impact of urban morphology on outdoor air temperature in the tropics: A campus case study. Building and Environment, 181, P. 107132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107132
Zaki, S.A., Syahidah, S.W., Shahidan, M.F., Ahmad, M.I., Yakub, F., Hassan, M.Z., and Md Daud, M.Y., 2020. Assessment of outdoor air temperature with different shaded area within an urban university campus in hot-humid climate. Sustainability, 12(14), P. 5741. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145741
Zhang, S., Li, S., Shu, L., Xiao, T., and Shui, T., 2023. Landscape configuration effects on outdoor thermal comfort across campus—a case study. Atmosphere, 14(2), P. 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020270