Skirted Foundation, Performance, Mechanism, and Limitations: A Review Study
Main Article Content
Abstract
Semi-deep foundations are a viable option when the soil under the foundation is loose and extended to a significant depth, also, when traditional methods of improvement are not feasible applying piles would not be a practical choice due to their high cost and time-consuming installation process. Skirted foundations are a sort of semi-deep foundation that can penetrate the soil to a depth that is twice their width. Skirted foundations, in which a vertical or inclined wall surrounds one or more sides of the soil mass under the footing, are recommended methods to increase the soil's bearing capacity. The walls work to reduce settlement while enhancing load capacity and failure depth in soils with low shear strength. This paper discusses the previous experimental and numerical investigations conducted on skirted foundations. Various factors were considered, including soil type, degree of saturation, soil properties, skirt depth, and width, soil-skirt interaction, and different scenarios of applied loads such as inclination and eccentricity. These studies have effectively shown that skirted foundations are very successful in reducing sliding, overturning, and settlement while also increasing foundation stability, soil capacity, and uplift capacity.
Article Details
Section
How to Cite
References
Abd Ali, L. ,2018. Performance of skirted foundations supported on sand soil subjected to vertical loads. M.Sc. thesis, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
Alhalbusi, G.H., and. Al-Saidi, A.H., 2023. Enhancing the Ability of The Square Footing to Resist Positive and Negative Eccentric Inclined Loading Using an Inclined Skirt. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 427, p. 01020). https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342701031
Albusoda, B.S. and Salem, L.A.K., 2012. Bearing capacity of shallow footings resting on dune sand. Journal of Engineering, 18(03), pp.298-308. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2012.03.02
Al-busoda, B.S., and Salman, R., 2013. Bearing capacity of shallow footing on compacted filling dune sand over reinforced gypseous soil. Journal of Engineering, 19(5), pp.532-542. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2013.05.01
Abd-Alhameed, H.J., and Al-Busoda, B.S., 2023. Experimental study on the behavior of square-skirted foundation rested on gypseous soil under inclined load. Journal of Engineering, 29(3), pp.27-39. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2023.03.03
Abd-Alhameed, H.J. , and Albusoda, B.S., 2023. The performance evaluation of skirted foundation: a review study. Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences, 30(1), pp.30-37. https://doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2023.30.1.004
Abdulhasan, O., Mustafa, F., and Al-Zuhairi, A., 2020. Performance of skirted circular shallow footings resting on sandy soil under inclined loads. Kufa Journal of Engineering, 11(2), pp.10-27. https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/KJE/110202
Acosta-Martinez, H.E., Gourvenec, S.M., and Randolph, M.F., 2008. An experimental investigation of a shallow skirted foundation under compression and tension. Soils and Foundations, 48(2), pp.247-254. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.48.247
Aghadadashi, S., Haddad, A. and Khatami, S.M.H., 2023. Evaluation of the vertical bearing capacity and settlement of bucket foundation in saturated sand. Sharif Journal of Civil Engineering, 38(4.1), pp.3-11. https://doi.org/10.24200/j30.2022.58608.2986
Ahmad, H., 2023. Two-dimensional study of the inclusions of skirt sand and deep cement piles to improve the load‒displacement behavior of circular foundations on soft clay soil. Heliyon, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13627
Ahidashti, R.A., Barari, A. and Haddad, A., 2019. Insight into the post-liquefaction behavior of skirted foundations. In Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering for Protection and Development of Environment and Constructions (pp. 1106-1113). CRC Press.
Al-Aghbari, M.Y., 2007. Settlement of shallow circular foundations with structural skirts resting on sand. The Journal of Engineering Research [TJER], 4(1), pp.11-16. https://doi.org/10.24200/TJER.VOL4ISS1PP11-16
Al-Aghbari, M.Y. , and Dutta, R.K., 2008. Performance of square footing with structural skirt resting on sand. Geomechanics and Geoengineering: An International Journal, 3(4), pp.271-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486020802509393
Al-Aghbari, M.Y., and Mohamedzein, Y.A., 2006. Improving the performance of circular foundations using structural skirts. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Ground Improvement, 10(3), pp.125-132. https://doi.org/10.1680/grim.2006.10.3.125
Al-Aghbari, M.Y., and Mohamedzein, Y.E., 2004. Bearing capacity of strip foundations with structural skirts. Geotechnical & Geological Engineering, 22, pp.43-57. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GEGE.0000013997.79473.e0
Al-Aghbari, M.Y., Mohamedzein, Y. ,and Al-Nasseri, H., 2021. Potential use of structural skirts towards improving the bearing capacity of shallow footings exposed to inclined loadings. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 15(10), pp.1278-1283. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2019.1617477
Aljuari, K.A., Fattah, M.Y., and Alzaidy, M.N., 2023. Behavior of circular skirted footing on gypseous soil subjected to water infiltration. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 32(1), p.20220252. https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0252.
AL-Qaissy, M., and Muwafak, H., 2013. Experimental study on the behavior of skirted foundation rested on soft clayey soils. Engineering and Technology Journal, 31(20), pp.434-443. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2013.83854
Azzam, W.R., 2015. Finite element analysis of skirted foundation adjacent to sand slope under earthquake loading. HBRC Journal, 11(2), pp.231-239., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2014.04.001
Bashir, K., Shukla, R. , and Jakka, R.S., 2023. Skirted footing for enhancing load carrying capacity. In Geo-Congress (pp. 554-563). https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784484685.056
Bransby, F., and Randolph, M., 1999. The effect of embedment depth on the undrained response of skirted foundations to combined loading. Soils and foundations, 39(4), pp.19-33. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.39.4_19
Byrne, B. W., F. Villalobos, G. T. Houlsby, and C. M. Martin., 2003. Laboratory testing of shallow skirted foundations in sand. In BGA International Conference on Foundations: Innovations, observations, design, and practice: Proceedings of the international conference organised by British Geotechnical Association and held in Dundee, Scotland on 2–5th September, pp. 161-173. Thomas Telford Publishing.
Davarci, B., Ornek, M., and Turedi, Y., 2014. Analyses of multi-edge footings rested on loose and dense sand. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 58(4), pp.355-370.
https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.2101
Dutta, R.K. , and Khatoon, A., 2023. Bearing capacity of skirted ring footing resting on dense sand overlying soft clay. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 10(1), pp.68-76. https://doi.org/10.37591/joge.v10i1.6876
Eid, H.T., 2013. Bearing capacity and settlement of skirted shallow foundations on sand. International Journal of Geomechanics, 13(5), pp.645-652. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000237
El Wakil, A.Z., 2010. Horizontal capacity of skirted circular shallow footings on sand. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 49(4), pp.379-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2010.07.003
El Sawwaf ,M.,Nazer,A.,2005, Behavior of circular footings resting on confined granular soil, Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,131(3),359-366, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2014.03.011
Esmaeili, K., Eslami, A., and Rezazadeh, S., 2018. Semi-deep skirted foundations and numerical solution to evaluate bearing capacity. Open Journal of Geology, 8(06), p.623. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2018.86036
Fattah, M.Y., Shlash, K.T. , and Mohammed, H.A., 2014. Experimental study on the behavior of bounded square footing on sandy soil. Engineering and Technology Journal, 32(5), pp.1083-1105.
Gnananandarao, T., Dutta, R.K., and Khatri, V.N., 2020. Model studies of plus and double box shaped skirted footings resting on sand. International Journal of Geo-Engineering, 11, pp.1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-020-00109-0
Gnananandarao, T., Khatri, V.N., and Dutta, R.K., 2018. Performance of multi-edge skirted footings resting on sand. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 48, pp.510-519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-017-0270-6
Gnananandarao, T., Onyelowe, K.C., Khatri, V.N., and Dutta, R.K., 2023. Performance of T-shaped skirted footings resting on sand. International Journal of Mining and Geo-Engineering, 57(1), pp.65-71. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23456930.2023.57.1.9.7
Günay, S., and Çinicioğlu, Ö., 2023. Investigation of the load-settlement behavior of box-shaped deep foundations. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.22359
Hansen, J.B., Brinch, J., bullet, H., and Nan, S. 1970. A revised and extended formula for bearing capacity.
Hanani, M.A. , and Listyawan, A.B., 2017. Bearing Capacity Of Partial Skirted Footing Clay Upper Sand. Ph.D thesis, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
Jawad, F.W., Al-Ameri, A.F.I., and Yasun, A.S., 2019. Experimental investigation of skirt footing subjected to lateral loading. The Open Civil Engineering Journal, 13(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501913010020
Joseph, M.A.S.A., and Anju, A.S., 2018. The behavior of skirted footing resting on the sea sand. Int J Sci Res Eng Trends, 4(3), pp.470-5.
Kannan, R.M. , and Chezhiyan, S., 2016. Lateral capacity of skirt foundation on loose submerged sand. Int. J. Chem. Eng, 14(S1), pp.295-301.
Khatri, V.N., Debbarma, S.P., Dutta, R.K., and Mohanty, B., 2017. Pressure-settlement behavior of square and rectangular skirted footings resting on sand. Geomechanics and Engineering, 12(4), pp.689-705. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.4.689
Kirtimayee, B., and Samadhiya, N.K., 2023. Performance of loosely skirted square footing resting on reinforced sand under vertical concentric and eccentric loading. Geomechanics and Geoengineering, pp.1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2023.2228248
Lee, J.M., Kim, Y.H., Hossain, M.S., Cassidy, M.J., Hu, Y., and Park, S.G., 2020. Mitigating punch-through on sand-over-clay using skirted foundations. Ocean Engineering, 201, p.107133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107133
Listyawan, A.B., and Kusumaningtyas, N., 2018. Bearing capacity of circular skirted footing on clay soil. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 403, No. 1, p. 012019). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/403/1/012019
Mahmood, M.R., Al-Wakel, S.F., and Mohammed, M.S., 2022. Effect of partial saturation on ultimate bearing capacity of skirted foundations. Engineering and Technology Journal, 40(05), pp.710-721. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.v40i5.2259
Mahmood, M. R., Fattah, M. Y., and A. K., 2018. Experimental study on bearing capacity of skirted foundations on dry gypseous soil. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 9(10), pp. 1910-1922.
Mana, D.S., Gourvenec, S. , and Martin, C.M., 2013. Critical skirt spacing for shallow foundations under general loading. Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, 139(9), pp.1554-1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000882
Meyerhof, G.G., 1963. Some recent research on the bearing capacity of foundations. Canadian geotechnical journal, 1(1), pp.16-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t63-003
Micic, S., Shang, J.Q., and Lo, K.Y., 2003. Improvement of the load-carrying capacity of offshore skirted foundations by electrokinetics. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 40(5), pp.949-963. https://doi.org/10.1139/t03-045
Mohammadizadeh, M., Nadi, B., Hajiannia, A., and Mahmoudi, E., 2023. The undrained vertical bearing capacity of skirted foundations located on slopes using finite element limit analysis. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 8(4), p.121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01070-4
Naik, B., Nighojkar, S., and Pendharkar, U., 2020. Design of skirted rectangular combined footing with vertical skirt all around the four edges. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), 8(10), pp.674-680.
Nazir, A.K., and Azzam, W.R., 2010. Improving the bearing capacity of footing on soft clay with sand pile with/without skirts. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 49(4), pp.371-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2010.06.002.
Parmar, S., and Patel, R.M., 2021. Bearing capacity of isolated square skirted foundation on cohesionless soil: An experimental and analytical study. Journal of Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, 4(2), pp.1-11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5229164
Prasanth, T., and Kumar, P.R., 2017. A study on load carrying capacity of skirted foundation on sand. International Journal of Science and Research, 6(6), pp.2231-2235. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/ART20174885
Punrattanasin, P., 2009. The horizontal capacity of circular and square sheet pile skirted foundations at various sand densities. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 3(4), pp.499-507. https://doi.org/10.3328/IJGE.2009.03.04.499-507
Renaningsih, R., Satria, I.F., Susanto, A., and Listyawan, A.B., 2017. Method to increase ultimate bearing capacity of skirted circular footing. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1855, No. 1). AIP Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4985458
Sajjad, G., and Masoud, M., 2018. Study of the behavior of skirted shallow foundations resting on sand. International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, 18(3), pp.117-130. https://doi.org/10.1680/jphmg.16.00079.
Saleh, N.M., Alsaied, A.E., and Elleboudy, A.M., 2008. Performance of skirted strip footing subjected to eccentric inclined load. Electron J Geotech Eng, 13(F), pp.1-33.
Sarma, K., 2016. Load-displacement behavior of skirted raft foundations on sand using PLAXIS 2D. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 3(4), p.258871.
Santhoshkumar, G., and Ghosh, P., 2020. Ultimate bearing capacity of skirted foundation on cohesionless soil using slip line theory. Computers and Geotechnics, 123, p.103573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103573
Schneider, J.A., and Senders, M. 2010. Foundation design – a comparison of oil and gas platforms with offshore wind turbines, Journal of the Marine Technology Society, 44(1), 32-51. https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.44.1.5
Terzaghi, K., 1943. Theoretical Soil Mechanics, Wiley, New York.
Thakare, S.W., and Shukla, A.N., 2016. Performance of rectangular skirted footing resting on sand bed subjected to lateral load. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 5, pp.11075-11083.
Thakur, A., and Dutta, R.K., 2020. Experimental and numerical studies of skirted hexagonal footings on three sands. SN Applied Sciences, 2, pp.1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2239-9
Tjelta, T.I., and Haaland, G., 1993. Novel foundation concept for a jacket finding its place. In Offshore Site Investigation and Foundation Behaviour: Papers presented at a conference organized by the Society for Underwater Technology and held in London, UK, September 22–24 (pp. 717-728). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2239-9
Toma-Sabbagh, T.M., Alabboodi, I.Q., and Al-Jazaairry, A.A.S.J., 2018. Effect of confinement on the bearing capacity and settlement of spread foundations. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 12(11). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2021831
Tripathy, S., 2013. Load carrying capacity of skirted foundation on sand. Ph.D thesis, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
Vesić, A.S., 1973. Analysis of ultimate loads of shallow foundations. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 99(1), pp.45-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000078.
Vijay Kumar, S.P., Ganesh Kumar, S., and Datta Gupta, S., 2022. Performance assessment of composite skirted ground reinforcement system in liquefiable ground under repeated dynamic loading conditions. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, pp.1-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01298-4
Vijay, A., Akella, V., and Bhanumurthy, P.R., 2016. Experimental studies on bearing capacity of skirted footings On C-Φ soils. Int J Res Eng Tech, 5(14), pp.5-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3254-2_9
Villalobos, F., 2007. Bearing capacity of skirted foundations in sand. In VI Congreso Chileno de Geotecnia, Valparaiso.
Wakil, A.Z.E., 2013. Bearing capacity of skirt circular footing on sand. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 52(3), pp.359-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2013.01.007
Yun, G.J., and Bransby, M.F., 2003. Centrifuge modeling of the horizontal capacity of skirted foundations on drained loose sand. In BGA International Conference on Foundations: Innovations, observations, design, and practice: Proceedings of the international conference organized by British Geotechnical Association and held in Dundee, Scotland on 2–5th September 2003 (pp. 975-984). Thomas Telford Publishing.
Yun, G., and Bransby, M.F., 2007. The undrained vertical bearing capacity of skirted foundations. Soils and foundations, 47(3), pp.493-505. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.47.493