التقييم العملي لتبخر الماء بالتنقيط في منظومة مُرطِّب شمسي باستخدام لوح ماص مستوي اومنقّر
محتوى المقالة الرئيسي
الملخص
تُعدّ تحلية المياه قليلة الملوحة ومياه البحر باستخدام مصادر الطاقة المتجددة استراتيجية فعّالة لتوفير مياه الشرب. يركّز هذا البحث على تطوير منظومة ترطيب شمسية كهربائية–حرارية منخفضة الكلفة ومنخفضة الدرجة الحرارية، والتي تُعدّ حلاً واعدًا وبسيطًا لإنتاج المياه العذبة على النطاق الصغير. وقد تم تصميم وتجهيز مُرطِّب شمسي يستثمر الإشعاع الشمسي بصورة مباشرة، مع تزويده بتيار هواء ساخن قسري لزيادة كفاءة تبخير قطرات الماء الساخن الساقطة على سطح ممتص نحاسي مطلي باللون الأسود.
يتم تسخين كلٍّ من الماء والهواء مسبقًا بواسطة مجمّع شمسي مسطّح ومجمّع هواء شمسي، على التوالي، قبل دخولهما إلى المُرطِّب. وشملت العوامل الرئيسة المؤثرة في الرطوبة النسبية للهواء: معدلات تدفق الهواء (من 0.5 إلى 1.5 م³/دقيقة)، ومعدل تقاطر الماء (من 5 إلى 10 قطرات/ثانية)، إضافةً إلى هندسة سطح الماصّات الحرارية (المسطح أو المنقّر) داخل المُرطِّب الشمسي.
أُجريت الاختبارات خلال الفترة من الساعة 8:00 صباحًا حتى 5:00 مساءً لتقييم الرطوبة النسبية ودرجة حرارة الهواء في الأيام الصافية بمدينة بغداد، العراق، خلال شهر تشرين الأول/أكتوبر 2025. أظهرت النتائج أن أعلى رطوبة نسبية للهواء عند مخرج المُرطِّب بلغت 61.2% و72.4% و69.9% عند معدلات تقاطر ماء مقدارها 4 و7 و10 قطرات/ثانية على التوالي، مع تثبيت معدل تدفق الهواء عند 0.5 م³/دقيقة. كما تبيّن أن أفضل معدل للتقاطر هو 7 قطرات/ثانية عند معدل تدفق هواء مقداره 0.5 م³/دقيقة. بلغت الرطوبة النسبية للهواء الخارج من المُرطِّب 72.4% و85.6% عند استخدام الماصّ المسطح والماصّ المنقّر على التوالي، وذلك عند معدل تدفق هواء مقداره 0.5 م³/دقيقة ومعدل تقاطر 7 قطرات/ثانية. كما بلغت كفاءة المُرطِّب 70% و85% على التوالي. ويُستنتج من ذلك أن سطح اللوح الماصّ المنقّر يحقق أداءً أفضل بصورة ملحوظة في عملية الترطيب مقارنةً بالسطح المسطح، وذلك تحت جميع معدلات تدفق الهواء التي تم اختبارها.
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