Effect of Climate Change on Land Cover (Case study: Hilla District)
Main Article Content
Abstract
Climate change poses a global challenge with profound repercussions on land cover, particularly affecting areas like Iraq due to decreased rainfall, rising temperatures, desertification, vegetation loss, and reduced river tiers attributable to weather change. This study investigates the impact of climate change on land cover in the Al-Hillah district of Babil province, Iraq, using remote sensing data and satellite imagery from Landsat 5 and 8 through the website of the US Geological Survey from 1995 to 2021. ArcMap 10.8 software program was employed to analyze and visualize these changes. The Al-Hillah district spans an area of 878 km2, encompassing built-up areas, agriculture areas, desert land, wetlands, and river surface areas. The analysis involved Landsat satellite imagery for 1999, 2015, and 2021. The findings display that Hilla District has skilled the outcomes of climate change, primarily manifested in the expansion of desert areas. In 1999, barren land covered 93 km2. It had increased to 183 square kilometers, resulting in rising temperatures and decreased rainfall about 2 degrees below the overall common. It has brought about a reduction in vegetation cover in an area of 196 square kilometers, compared to the year 1999 covered 45.6%.
Article Details
Section
How to Cite
References
Ali, S. H., and Najemaden, M. A. 2021. Spatial analysis of the CO emission from Nineveh Governorate using remote sensing techniques and GIS. Iraqi Journal of Science, pp.4503-4517. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2021.62.11(SI).30
AL-Khateeb, S.T. and Sinjari, A.M., 2023. Design, Construction, and control tracking of solar thermal concentrator by using PLC in Erbil. Journal of Engineering, 29(3), pp.40-62. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2023.03.04.
Al-Ansari, N., 2013. Management of water resources in Iraq: perspectives and prognoses. Engineering, 5(6), pp.667-684. https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2013.58080
Al-Rikabi, W.J. and Abed, B.S., 2021. Improvement of the hydrodynamic behavior and water quality assessment of Al-Chibayish Marshes, Iraq. Journal of Engineering, 27(12), pp.50-68. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2021.12.05.
Al-Shabender., Sabah M., Wali., Majeed K., Noori., Hassan A., 2012. Structure Plan for Babylon Governorate, General Directorate of Urban Planning, Baghdad.
Al-Shabender., Sabah. M., Wali., Majeed. K., Noori., Hassan. A., 2010. Structure Plan for Babylon Governorate, General Directorate of Urban Planning, Baghdad
Al-Shujairy, Q.A., Al-Hedny, S. and Al-Barakat, H., 2021, April. Evaluation of dryness conditions in Babylon governorate using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). In IOP conference series: earth and environmental science (Vol. 722, No. 1, p. 012032). Https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/722/1/012032.
Ali, Z.R. and Muhaimeed, A.S., 2016. The study of temporal changes on land cover/land use prevailing in Baghdad governorate using RS & GIS. The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 47(3), pp.846-855. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v47i3.576
Aparna, N., Ramani, A.V. and Nagaraja, R., 2014. Risk management support through India Remote Sensing Satellites. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 40, pp.1-6. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-1-2014
Badai, A., 2023. Independent Thermal network through thermal synergy between four architectural units. Journal of Engineering, 29(7), pp.1-17. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2023.07.01
Di Gregorio, A., 2005. Land cover classification system: classification concepts and user manual: LCCS (Vol. 2). Food & Agriculture Org.
Ebrahimi, M., Matkan, A.A. and Darvishzadeh, R., 2010. Remote sensing for drought assessment in arid regions (a case study of central part of Iran," shirkooh-yazd").
Erb, K.H., Kastner, T., Plutzar, C., Bais, A.L.S., Carvalhais, N., Fetzel, T., Gingrich, S., Haberl, H., Lauk, C., Niedertscheider, M. and Pongratz, J., 2018. Unexpectedly large impact of forest management and grazing on global vegetation biomass. Nature, 553(7686), pp. 73-76. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25138.
Faqe Ibrahim, G.R., 2017. Urban land use land cover changes and their effect on land surface temperature: Case study using Dohuk City in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Climate, 5(1), P. 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli5010013
Fick, S.E. and Hijmans, R.J., 2017. WorldClim 2: new 1‐km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 37(12), pp. 4302-4315. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086
Habitat, U., 2016. Urban Crises Charter. Global Alliance for Urban Crises
Himanshu, S.K., Singh, G. and Kharola, N., 2015. Monitoring of drought using satellite data. International Research Journal of Earth Sciences, 3(1), pp. 66-72.
Hasan, B.F. and Abed, B.S., 2024. Assessment of climate change impact on water productivity and yield of wheat cultivated using developed seasonal schedule irrigation in Euphrates basin. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2864, No. 1). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0186954
IPCC, "Annex II: Glossary," In Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, pp. 113-130.
Jensen, M.E., Bourgeron, P., Everett, R.L. and Leader, A.T., 1994. Volume II: ecosystem management: principles and applications. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-318.
Khalaf, Alaa Ghadhban,2018. Spatial analysis of desertification phenomenon in Karbala area by using geographic information system, M.Sc. thesis, Building and construction engineering department, University of Technology.
Lillesand, T., Kiefer, R.W. and Chipman, J., 2015. Remote sensing and image interpretation. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2018.82011.
Lu D., Weng Q. A., 2007. A survey of image classification methods and techniques for improving classification performance. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 28(5), pp. 823-870. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160600746456
Marx, W., Haunschild, R., Thor, A. and Bornmann, L., 2017. Which early works are cited most frequently in climate change research literature? A bibliometric approach based on reference publication year spectroscopy. Scientometrics, 110, pp. 335-353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-2177-x
Mahdi, A.S., 2022. The land use and land cover classification on the urban area. Iraqi Journal of Science, pp. 4609-4619. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2022.63.10.42
Ministry of Transportation, Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology, Climate Center and Research Science, 2023. data of climate, unpublished data, Baghdad.
Moussa, Y.K. and Alwehab, A.A., 2022. The urban expansion impact on climate change for the city of Baghdad. Iraqi Journal of Science, pp.5072-5085. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2022.63.11.41
Murshed, M. and Saadat, S.Y., 2018. Effects of urbanization on climate change: evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 8, pp.1-8.
Nations, U., 2015. Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 1, P.41.
Rashid, M.R., 2023. Climate Change: causes, impacts, and strategies for a sustainable future. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202312.1729.v1
Reyers, B., Nel, J.L., O’Farrell, P.J., Sitas, N. and Nel, D.C., 2015. Navigating complexity through knowledge coproduction: Mainstreaming ecosystem services into disaster risk reduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(24), pp. 7362-7368. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414374112
Shamki, A. I. 2018. The environmental impact of the drought phenomenon in Babil Governorate and the potential for reducing it. Basic Education College Magazine for Educational and Humanities Sciences, (38), pp. 1040-1057.
Sholihah, R.I., Trisasongko, B.H., Shiddiq, D., La Ode, S.I., Kusdaryanto, S. and Panuju, D.R., 2016. Identification of agricultural drought extent based on vegetation health indices of landsat data: case of Subang and Karawang, Indonesia. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 33, pp. 14-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.03.051
Shaw, R., 2023. Integrated and inclusive natural hazards risk reduction & management: training of trainers. UNESCO Publishing.
Suharyanto, A., Maulana, A., Suprayogo, D., Devia, Y.P. and Kurniawan, S., 2023. Land surface temperature changes caused by land cover/land use properties and their impact on rainfall characteristics. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 9(3), pp. 353-372. https://doi.org/10.22034/gjesm.2023.03.01
United States, Geological Survey, 1973, Science for a changing world.
Wang, P., Zhang, L., Yang, W., Liu, D., and Zhang, Y. 2013. Land cover classification using time series of Landsat TM/ETM+ imagery, Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.6, pp. 550-558.
Xiong, J., Thenkabail, P.S., Gumma, M.K., Teluguntla, P., Poehnelt, J., Congalton, R.G., Yadav, K. and Thau, D., 2017. Automated cropland mapping of continental Africa using Google Earth Engine cloud computing. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 126, pp. 225-244 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.01.019
Yamanoshita, M., 2019. IPCC special report on climate change and land. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.